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"Envy."
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An Emotion Divided
The recent surge in envy research has brought with it a line of inquiry differentiating between “benign” and “malicious” envy. “Benign” envy involves the motivation to improve the self, leading to socially desirable reactions. “Malicious” envy involves the motivation to harm the envied other, leading to socially undesirable reactions. We suggest that studying “benign” and “malicious” envy involves confounding envy with its outcomes, which causes confusion and impairs the understanding of envy. We discuss the roots of this differentiation, the theoretical and methodological challenges it involves, and its negative ramifications for envy research. We provide theory and findings showing that envy, conceptualized and measured as a unitary construct, can lead to a wide range of reactions, both socially desirable and undesirable, depending on personal and situational moderators. Therefore, we believe the distinction between “benign” and “malicious” envy is unwarranted and advocate for the use of envy as a unitary construct.
Journal Article
Leader Narcissism Predicts Malicious Envy and Supervisor-Targeted Counterproductive Work Behavior: Evidence from Field and Experimental Research
Building on the emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior, this research tests the relations between leader narcissism, followers' malicious and benign envy, and supervisor-targeted counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Results across five studies (i.e., one pilot study (N = 50), two experimental studies (N = 74 and 50), and two field surveys (N = 365 and 100) indicate that leader narcissism relates positively to followers' negative emotions (i.e., malicious envy), which in turn mediates the positive relation between leader narcissism and supervisor-targeted CWB. Proposed negative relations between leader narcissism and positive emotions (i.e., benign envy) were only partly supported. Our findings advance the understanding of envy and the detrimental impact of leader narcissism on organizational functioning.
Journal Article
Bidirectional relations between altruistic tendency and benign/malicious envy among adolescents: A longitudinal study and weekly diary study
Altruism is a prosocial tendency that has developed through long-term evolutionary selection. The present study adopts social comparison and evolutionary psychology theories to examine how benign/malicious envy can affect altruism and how altruism can affect the two types of envy in turn, respectively. In Study 1, 513 adolescents participated in a three-wave longitudinal survey to explore the relationships between dispositional altruistic tendency and dispositional benign/malicious envy. The cross-lagged analysis showed a long-term and stable negative bidirectional relationship between dispositional altruistic tendency and dispositional malicious envy and a short-term positive bidirectional relationship between dispositional altruism and dispositional benign envy. In Study 2, 109 adolescents kept a weekly diary for seven consecutive weeks to record state levels of altruistic tendency and benign/malicious envy in their daily lives. The hierarchical linear model demonstrated that weekly altruistic tendency and weekly benign envy could positively predict each other, and weekly altruistic tendency presented a negative bidirectional relationship with weekly malicious envy. These findings offer an effective way to study the relationship between human behavior and emotions from perspectives of social comparison and evolutionary psychology theories. Meanwhile, it also has practical significance for the harmonious development of society.
Journal Article
Schadenfreude : the joy of another's misfortune
We all know the pleasure felt at someone else's misfortune. The Germans named this furtive delight in another's failure schadenfreude (from schaden damage, and freude, joy), and it has perplexed philosophers and psychologists for centuries. Why can it be so satisfying to witness another's distress? And what, if anything, should we do about it? Schadenfreude illuminates this hidden emotion, inviting readers to reflect on its pleasures, and how we use other people's miseries to feel better about ourselves. Written in an exploratory, evocative form, it weaves examples from literature, philosophy, film, and music together with personal observation and historical and cultural analysis. And in today's world of polarized politics, twitter trolls and \"sidebars of shame,\" it couldn't be timelier. Engaging, insightful, and entertaining, Schadenfreude makes the case for thinking afresh about the role this much-maligned emotion plays in our lives -- perhaps even embracing it.
Book
A cross-cultural study on envy premium: The role of mixed emotions of benign and malicious envies
The current study examines how Koreans and Americans experience mixed emotions of benign and malicious envies, and how these mixed emotions affect envy premium (i.e., willingness to pay more for an envied product). Prior research has shown that benign envy drives envy premium. The results of the current study, however, indicate that envy premium is not apparent in Korea, where people are more accustomed to mixed emotions than are Americans. This study shows that Koreans tend to have a higher positive correlation between benign and malicious envies than Americans do. In addition, multi-group analysis using SEM demonstrates that both benign and malicious envies mediate the impact of the deservingness on envy premium in Korea, while this impact is only mediated by benign envy in the U.S. In Korea, the effect of malicious envy seems to counteract the effect of benign envy, thereby reducing envy premium.
Journal Article
I wish I were a--
A meerkat wishes he were as silly, strong, and mighty as the other animals, but when trouble arrives it is the chimpanzee, the bear, and the lion who envy the meerkat.
Book
The Mixed Blessing of Dancing with Star Employees: A Social-Comparison-Based Analysis of the Effects of Star Employees on Non-Stars
Although star employees have been well documented as having a series of positive impacts in organizations, there is emerging evidence that they also negatively influence non-stars. Research using an integrative framework to explore the advantages and disadvantages of star employees is limited.Drawing on upward social comparison theory and the pain-driven dual envy framework, this research develops a model to examine
when
and
how
star employees differentially affect non-stars. Through a 2 × 2 between-subjects scenario-based experiment (Study 1) and a multi-wave field survey (Study 2), it finds that when non-stars possess a high level of expected future similarity to star employees, they tend to develop a feeling of benign envy that motivates them to exhibit role-modeling behavior. Contrariwise, when non-stars have a low level of expected future similarity, they are likely to feel malicious envy and then tend to engage in negative gossip about star employees. This research not only contributes to the star employee literature, but also provides practitioners with useful insights into human resource management practices.
Journal Article