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The History of Modern Epilepsy: The Beginning, 1865-1914
Although the history of epilepsy, one of the most common serious neurological disorders, can easily be traced back to ancient times, the modern understanding of the disease only began in the middle of the 19th century. This history of the first fifty years of modern epileptology reflects the thinking, accomplishments, and failures of physicians between 1865 and 1914. This epoch presented a very bleak clinical picture: diagnosis was difficult and often arbitrary; treatment was poor and, at times, worse than the disease; and patients, who were usually viewed as having a progressive dementing condition, were shunned by society. Tradition, physicians' immaculate perceptions, their thinking in analogies, and the difficulty a doctor has in separating himself from his society are some of the important factors which led to a lack of clinical advancement during this time. Nevertheless, taking a longer view, a foundation was being established for understanding the physiology of the brain and how that might be related to epilepsy. This book should be of interest to any professional person concerned with or involved in exploring the neurophysiology of brain functions and its deviations, the care and treatment of patience with epilepsy, and the historical and social aspects of medicine.
eBook
Permanent present tense : the unforgettable life of the amnesic patient, H.M.
\"The ... story of H.M., a brain-damaged amnesic whose case dramatically expanded the frontiers of neuroscience. H.M.'s true identity was only made public following his death in December 2008, and now neuroscientist Suzanne Corkin, who worked closely with H.M for nearly fifty years, tells the full story of his life and legacy--a story that encompasses many of the recent breakthroughs in the study of the brain, and which vividly reveals the neurological processes that make us human\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Classification of epilepsies in the 18th century
Classifications provide “a framework on which to conceptualize knowledge and research”1 through organisation of items according to their fundamental relationships; they also allow standardised communication among the scientific community, and they tailor patient-oriented treatment decisions. To reflect the clinical heterogeneity of epileptic seizures, the proposed system of classification was multiaxial.4 First, Salliant examines what is meant by epileptic seizure, and how epileptic seizure differs from other accidents, with which they have some relationship; he then refers to the differences between epileptic seizures in terms of proper symptoms, their accidents (ie, related transitory events), their difference, their nature, their duration, their order of appearance, the time when they occur, their apparent location, and their origin or specific cause (appendix). Despite differences in terminology and content, both classifications clearly differentiate between generalised and focal seizures and epilepsies, emphasise the importance of cause for treatment implications, and adopt a multiaxial approach to reflect the complexity of the disease.
Journal Article
The arsonist
Molly Mavity and Pepper Yusef are dealing with their own personal tragedies when they are tasked by an anonymous person with solving the decades-old murder of Ava Dryman, an East German teenager whose diary was published after her death.
BOOK
Institutional care and education: circulation of knowledge about epilepsy in Sweden 1915–40
This article focuses on the circulation of knowledge about epilepsy in Sweden between 1915 and 1940. During the period medical research on epilepsy increased, which simultaneously brought a new degree of specialisation and distinction between branches of medicine. The aim of this article is to study the impact of new medical knowledge about epilepsy on the treatment and education of children with epilepsy in Sweden. In order to concretise the aim, the study focuses on the asylum Margarethahemmet. The key source material consists of Margarethahemmet’s annual reports and yearbooks. The minutes of the meetings of the Swedish General Association for the Care of the Feebleminded and Epileptic for the period 1915–1938 have been used as supplementary material. In order to trace the impact of medical discoveries on Margarethahemmet’s operations, contemporary scientific articles, mostly from Germany, have also been used. The article demonstrates how new research and new knowledge was sought internationally and nationally, to provide doctors and special teachers at the asylum with a proper knowledge about education, care and treatment for children with epilepsy. The increased understanding of the disease directly impacted the ability of a stigmatized group – people with epileptic disorder – to actively participate in society on the same terms as others.
Journal Article
Hans Berger (1873–1941), Richard Caton (1842–1926), and electroencephalography
Berger's paper uber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen (On the EEG in humans), published in 1929 in the Archive fur Psychiatre und Nervenkrankheiten, was the first of 23 publications on the subject. Unrelated to EEG, in 1920 Berger also described intellectual changes after prefrontal cortex injuries, and in 1923 his was one of the first good descriptions of perseveration after damage to the frontal lobes.
Journal Article
Hippocratic Diagnosis, Solomonic Therapy, Roman Amulets: Epilepsy, Exorcism, and the Diffusion of a Jewish Tradition in the Roman World
Abstract
Two contrasting portraits of exorcism in the Roman period for patients with symptoms consistent with epilepsy, drawn by Josephus (A.J. 8.45-47) and Lucian (Philops. §16), illustrate a substantial albeit contested diffusion of that ancient technique from the Jewish tradition to a wider Mediterranean public. The process is reflected in a similarly complex traditional background and textual composition of a group of inscribed Greek amulets for epilepsy. A sidelight on attitudes towards the practice of exorcism, on its way to wider popularity, and the conception of epilepsy is cast by these amulets, which have not yet been studied as a group. Their texts witness the application of precise Greek medical terminology, yet to an end, and in a compositional company, that authors in the Hippocratic tradition would have rejected. More generally, the artifacts offer a cross-section of amuletic practice and its diversity in the Roman and late ancient periods.
Journal Article
Orrin Devinsky: breaking through treatment-resistant epilepsy
In one in three cases of sudden unexplained death in childhood, there is a history of febrile seizures (none reaching the threshold for epilepsy diagnosis); this might be a variant of SUDEP.
Journal Article
Epilepsy over the centuries: a disease survived at the time
In this study, we have made a historical review of epilepsy through the centuries, from pre-Christian era to the present time. The epileptic was examined by Hippocrates, the first to recognize epilepsy as a disease and not as a supernatural manifestation called Morbus Sacer. The dark years of the Middle Ages were the worst for the disease, where the sufferer was even subjected to torture. The period of the Renaissance saw the epileptic isolated from society while the Enlightenment century improved the knowledge about the disease, thanks also to the first autopsies that showed post traumatic neurological lesions. However, some stigmata of the disease that prevented the marriage of epileptics persisted. It was the prelude to the years 1800–1900, characterized by Lombrosian concepts and Nazi convictions. Lombroso included epileptics among delinquents and criminals, identifying them as such on the basis of physical alterations. Nazi racism introduced the concept of eugenics excluding the epileptic from the so-called pure race. Today, epilepsy is considered a treatable neurological disorder. Morbus Sacer belongs to a remote past.
Journal Article