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El estudio defiende y prueba la pérdida de ejemplares en la librería del bibliófilo y diplomático español José Nicolás de Azara antes de su conocido catálogo de venta en Roma (1806) y cómo la revisión de su epistolario con el amigo tipógrafo Giambattista Bodoni permite aportar datos que amplían el conocimiento de la biblioteca del diplomático español. Asimismo, el trabajo aporta una relación de obras referidas en las cartas -presentes o ausentes en el catálogo de 1806, editado por Sánchez Espinosa e indaga en el retrato del poseedor de esos libros. Para el rastreo e identificación de referencias en la correspondencia entre Azara y Bodoni se sigue una rigurosa metodología filológico-bibliográfica.

This article uses the debate raging around Samuel Richardson's novel-inletters Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740) as a case study in eighteenthcentury reading practices. At a time when reading took place both in shared public spaces and the privacy of the home and was performed aloud as well as in solitary silence, the form of the epistolary novel rendered Richardson's Pamela suitable to a variety of reading practices - yet with widely differing assessments as to the rewards of 'virtue' promised in the novel's subtitle. By focusing on what is introduced as the 'epistolary complex', the article aims to show how one and the same novel could encourage diametrically opposed protocols of reading. Viewed through the prism of the epistolary genre, one answer to Pamela's success as a novel for public consumption (mirrored in the commodity culture surrounding the text) is its sententiousness and easy extricability.

This paper analyses the correspondence José Enrique Rodó and Rufino Blanco Fombona exchanged over two decades (1897-1916). The majority of those documents are unpublished and treasured in the José Enrique Rodó Collection in the Literary Archive of the National Library of Uruguay. The analysis of this correspondence sheds light on the impact of the letters in the genesis and development of their intellectual and literary work, that is, in the collaborative activities that these two interlocutors carried out, in spite of the distance.

The evolving nature of the fight for liberation in relation to technology, society, and capitalism is discussed, highlighting the Love Letters to Movement Leaders collection.The Love Letters to Movement Leaders collection is introduced as a means of deepening this relationship, although it is acknowledged that it does not cover all issues and identities. The transformative power of letter writing is highlighted, particularly in breaking the isolation experienced by incarcerated individuals and affirming their deserving of care, love, and support. A workshop on abolition and decarceration, where participants wrote love letters to two incarcerated comrades, Patti Waller and Tien Pham, is also tackled.

Artificial intelligence chatbots such as ChatGPT (OpenAI) have garnered excitement about their potential for delegating writing tasks ordinarily performed by humans. Many of these tasks (eg, writing recommendation letters) have social and professional ramifications, making the potential social biases in ChatGPT's underlying language model a serious concern. Three preregistered studies used the text analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to investigate gender bias in recommendation letters written by ChatGPT in human-use sessions (N=1400 total letters). We conducted analyses using 22 existing Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count dictionaries, as well as 6 newly created dictionaries based on systematic reviews of gender bias in recommendation letters, to compare recommendation letters generated for the 200 most historically popular \"male\" and \"female\" names in the United States. Study 1 used 3 different letter-writing prompts intended to accentuate professional accomplishments associated with male stereotypes, female stereotypes, or neither. Study 2 examined whether lengthening each of the 3 prompts while holding the between-prompt word count constant modified the extent of bias. Study 3 examined the variability within letters generated for the same name and prompts. We hypothesized that when prompted with gender-stereotyped professional accomplishments, ChatGPT would evidence gender-based language differences replicating those found in systematic reviews of human-written recommendation letters (eg, more affiliative, social, and communal language for female names; more agentic and skill-based language for male names). Significant differences in language between letters generated for female versus male names were observed across all prompts, including the prompt hypothesized to be neutral, and across nearly all language categories tested. Historically female names received significantly more social referents (5/6, 83% of prompts), communal or doubt-raising language (4/6, 67% of prompts), personal pronouns (4/6, 67% of prompts), and clout language (5/6, 83% of prompts). Contradicting the study hypotheses, some gender differences (eg, achievement language and agentic language) were significant in both the hypothesized and nonhypothesized directions, depending on the prompt. Heteroscedasticity between male and female names was observed in multiple linguistic categories, with greater variance for historically female names than for historically male names. ChatGPT reproduces many gender-based language biases that have been reliably identified in investigations of human-written reference letters, although these differences vary across prompts and language categories. Caution should be taken when using ChatGPT for tasks that have social consequences, such as reference letter writing. The methods developed in this study may be useful for ongoing bias testing among progressive generations of chatbots across a range of real-world scenarios. OSF Registries osf.io/ztv96; https://osf.io/ztv96.

Within the rich and unknown documentary heritage that forms the epistolary collection of Vicente Guerrero (Tixtla 1782 – Cuilapan 1831), originally made up of 12 volumes and 2,547 documents, and still unknown 15 years after its discovery, ten letters signed by Don Pedro Asencio stand out.

Signatures of the epistolary mode The epistolary was an early and popular literary convention. Richardson’s approach, writing “to the moment” (Clarissa 721, L224), provides power and intimacy, which are the keys to the style: one or two main characters telling their own stories in short, personal letters, put down immediately as events unfold. [...]many so-called letter writers in fact write more like novelistic narrators than individuals penning “familiar letters,” as private correspondence was known. Evelina is a prime example of the epistolary novels of the day, succumbing to all the temptations of the convention multiple times, including the heroine’s writing to unbelievable length and detail.

The science of reading has made genuine progress in understanding reading and the teaching of reading, but is the science of reading just the science of reading English? Worldwide, a majority of students learn to read and write in non-European, nonalphabetic orthographies such as abjads (e.g., Arabic), abugidas/alphasyllabaries (e.g., Hindi), or morphosyllabaries (e.g., Chinese). Over a decade ago, I argued that the extreme inconsistency of English spelling–sound correspondence had confined the science of reading to an insular, Anglocentric research agenda addressing theoretical and applied issues with limited relevance for a universal science of reading. Here, I ask if the science of reading has moved forward. Acknowledging some limited progress over the past decade, it is evident that even today, mainstream reading research remains entrenched in Anglocentrism, Eurocentrism, and another form of ethnocentrism that I call alphabetism. Even the two dominant theoretical frameworks for describing cross-script diversity, orthographic depth and psycholinguistic grain size theory, give little or no consideration to non-European alphabets or nonalphabetic scripts, promoting a one-dimensional view of script variation (i.e., spelling–sound consistency). Consideration of the full spectrum of the world’s languages and writing systems reveals multiple dimensions of writing system complexity, each liable to create obstacles for the developing reader. If the science of reading is to contribute meaningfully to assessment, diagnosis, instruction, and intervention for all readers around the world, then we must extricate our field from entrenched ethnocentrism and embrace global diversity.

Discussion of the integrity of 2 Cor 8–9 since 1985 has not seen new arguments for either reading these chapters as a unit or seeing two letters in these chapters, and the several decades before that saw no real new arguments either. In this essay, I argue that there are two letters in chapters 8–9, but their boundaries are not the same as the chapter designations. Rather, finding 8:16–9:5 as a separate letter provides a solution that accounts for the arguments understanding the two chapters as parts of a single letter and those that have been used to identify all of chapter 8 and all of chapter 9 as separate letters. In addition, this division of the letter conforms to the conventions of letters of commendation and instruction that appear in both official and nonofficial correspondence.