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Kinesiology taping for horses : the complete guide to taping for Equine health, fitness, and performance
The idea behind taping is that it provides incredible support and stabilization of ligaments and tendons while simultaneously stretching and flexing like a second skin to allow full range of motion. It can also activate or relax muscles, depending on its application. Our equine athletes can benefit hugely from taping techniques, and this terrific guidebook provides the ultimate reference for understanding both the uses of kinesiology tape and its numerous applications. With hundreds of color photographs and step-by-step instructions for the do-it-yourselfer, equine physiotherapist Katja Bredlau-Morich explains the following forms of kinesiology taping: Muscle, Lymphatic, Scar, Fascia, Space , Hematoma, Stabilization, Tendon, Cross. In addition, numerous case studies demonstrate how taping can change your horse's life, keeping him pain-free and performing his best for years to come.
Book
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Latin America
In 2010, an increase in human encephalitis occurred in Panama that was associated with eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. This report establishes linkages with concomitant equine infections, suggesting a change in human pathogenicity.
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses, alphaviruses that are members of the Togaviridae family, are important causes of febrile illness and encephalitis in the Americas.
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The VEE virus occupies sylvatic, rodent–mosquito enzootic cycles that spill over to infect people; equine-adaptive or mosquito-adaptive mutations result in amplification, causing cause major epidemics.
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On average, only 5 to 6 cases of human infection with the EEE virus are reported each year in North America. More cases occur in equids and other domesticated animals by means of spillover from avian–mosquito swamp cycles, with case fatality rates of more than 50% . . .
Journal Article
Physical therapy for horses : an illustrated guide to anatomy, biomechanics, massage, stretching, and rehabilitation
\"An understanding of anatomy and biomechanics, and a grasp of the variable options available to both keep the active equine healthy and rehabilitate following an injury or layoff have become integral aspects of general horse health management. Equine physical therapy expert Helle Katrine Kleven has created a reference that supports horse owners as they strive to keep their horses sound in body and mind, and at the top of their game. In this highly illustrated book, Kleven provides a comprehensible introduction to the musculoskeletal and nervous systems of the horse, as well as an instructive exploration of biomechanics. The major areas of physical therapy are then summarized. Inside, readers will find practical how-to guidance in the most popular therapeutic modalities, as well as cutting-edge alternatives that are currently gaining ground: fascia work, stretching, massage, hydrotherapy, stability and strengthening exercises, laser therapy, palpation, kinesiotaping, heat therapy, magnetic therapy, ice therapy, matrix-rhythm therapy, and more.\"-- Back cover.
Book
Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a mosquitoborne virus that reemerged in December 2023 in Argentina and Uruguay, causing a major outbreak. We investigated the outbreak using epidemiologic, entomological, and genomic analyses, focusing on WEEV circulation near the Argentina‒Uruguay border in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. During November 2023‒April 2024, the outbreak in Argentina and Uruguay resulted in 217 human cases, 12 of which were fatal, and 2,548 equine cases. We determined cases on the basis of laboratory and clinical epidemiologic criteria. We characterized 3 fatal equine cases caused by a novel WEEV lineage identified through a nearly complete coding sequence analysis, which we propose as lineage C. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance and equine vaccination to control future WEEV outbreaks in South America.
Journal Article
Harnessing the power of equine assisted counseling : adding animal assisted therapy to your practice
\"This book will help licensed professional counselors incorporate Equine Assisted Counseling (EAC) into their practices, even those who have no prior experience working with horses. It provides a strong research foundation for understanding the efficacy of equine assisted interventions and the potentially powerful impact that a horse can have in creating a new counseling dynamic. Chapters address using horses to help clients dealing with various traumas and abuse, anxiety, depression, atypical behaviors, and social skills and communication issues. One chapter is written by the internationally renowned \"horse whisperer\" Pat Parilli and offers a look at EAC from the horse's point of view and describes the process of developing a relationship with the horse in a positive, safe, and respectful manner, an important topic to ensure the well-being of the horse throughout a session. Counselors will find this a valuable resource for understanding and utilizing EAC as a new resource in their own practices, as will students seeking to learn about this innovative approach\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Cooperativity between the 3’ untranslated region microRNA binding sites is critical for the virulence of eastern equine encephalitis virus
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), a mosquito-borne RNA virus, is one of the most acutely virulent viruses endemic to the Americas, causing between 30% and 70% mortality in symptomatic human cases. A major factor in the virulence of EEEV is the presence of four binding sites for the hematopoietic cell-specific microRNA, miR-142-3p, in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the virus. Three of the sites are \"canonical\" with all 7 seed sequence residues complimentary to miR-142-3p while one is \"non-canonical\" and has a seed sequence mismatch. Interaction of the EEEV genome with miR-142-3p limits virus replication in myeloid cells and suppresses the systemic innate immune response, greatly exacerbating EEEV neurovirulence. The presence of the miRNA binding sequences is also required for efficient EEEV replication in mosquitoes and, therefore, essential for transmission of the virus. In the current studies, we have examined the role of each binding site by point mutagenesis of the seed sequences in all combinations of sites followed by infection of mammalian myeloid cells, mosquito cells and mice. The resulting data indicate that both canonical and non-canonical sites contribute to cell infection and animal virulence, however, surprisingly, all sites are rapidly deleted from EEEV genomes shortly after infection of myeloid cells or mice. Finally, we show that the virulence of a related encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, is also dependent upon miR-142-3p binding sites.
Journal Article
Embodied relating and transformation : tales from equine-facilitated counseling
\"What kinds of embodied and relational learning can come from developing a responsive relationship with a horse? What insights might such ways of learning offer counselors and educators? In this book, the authors explore how women challenged by disordered eating develop transformative relational and embodied experiences through Equine-Facilitated Counseling (EFC). Embodiment refers to how we engage with others and the world in often habitual and taken for granted ways that shape who we are and the relationships we have. These habitual ways of being provide us with a sense of stability, but they can sometimes become constraining and problematic (as in the case of eating disorders). Our corporeal engagement with the world structures such habits, but it can also afford us opportunities to experiment, modify, and challenge problematic patterns, and in some instances, create new and preferred ones. The horses that participate in EFC present a vastly different sort of other who can help clients interrupt their sedimented ways of being and foster moments of responsivity that hold the power to become transformative. This theoretical context presents a different way of thinking about and practicing counseling? one that adds to a growing language of embodiment across a variety of disciplines. Chapters set forth a theoretical context for understanding the following: relationally embodied processes of stability and change, EFC, client stories from our research associated with riding horses in EFC, and implications we see for practice across different healing and learning contexts.\"
Book
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Peruvian Amazon, 2020
We screened 1,972 febrile patients from the Peruvian Amazon in 2020-2021 for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Neutralizing antibody detection rate was 3.9%; 2 patients were PCR positive. Genome identity compared to Peru VEEV subtype ID strains was 97.6%-98.1%. Evidence for purifying selection and ancestry ≈54 years ago corroborated VEEV endemicity.
Journal Article
“Submergence” of Western equine encephalitis virus: Evidence of positive selection argues against genetic drift and fitness reductions
Understanding the circumstances under which arboviruses emerge is critical for the development of targeted control and prevention strategies. This is highlighted by the emergence of chikungunya and Zika viruses in the New World. However, to comprehensively understand the ways in which viruses emerge and persist, factors influencing reductions in virus activity must also be understood. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), which declined during the late 20th century in apparent enzootic circulation as well as equine and human disease incidence, provides a unique case study on how reductions in virus activity can be understood by studying evolutionary trends and mechanisms. Previously, we showed using phylogenetics that during this period of decline, six amino acid residues appeared to be positively selected. To assess more directly the effect of these mutations, we utilized reverse genetics and competition fitness assays in the enzootic host and vector (house sparrows and Culex tarsalis mosquitoes). We observed that the mutations contemporary with reductions in WEEV circulation and disease that were non-conserved with respect to amino acid properties had a positive effect on enzootic fitness. We also assessed the effects of these mutations on virulence in the Syrian-Golden hamster model in relation to a general trend of increased virulence in older isolates. However, no change effect on virulence was observed based on these mutations. Thus, while WEEV apparently underwent positive selection for infection of enzootic hosts, residues associated with mammalian virulence were likely eliminated from the population by genetic drift or negative selection. These findings suggest that ecologic factors rather than fitness for natural transmission likely caused decreased levels of enzootic WEEV circulation during the late 20th century.
Journal Article
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection in Nonhuman Primate, Guatemala, 2023
We isolated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) subtype IE phylogenetically related to Gulf Coast strains in a spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) released from a rescue center in Guatemala. Serologic testing of 118 monkeys indicated no additional VEEV infections. Infection of a primate warrants intensified surveillance of VEEV transmission cycles in North America.
Journal Article