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Harnessing the power of equine assisted counseling : adding animal assisted therapy to your practice
\"This book will help licensed professional counselors incorporate Equine Assisted Counseling (EAC) into their practices, even those who have no prior experience working with horses. It provides a strong research foundation for understanding the efficacy of equine assisted interventions and the potentially powerful impact that a horse can have in creating a new counseling dynamic. Chapters address using horses to help clients dealing with various traumas and abuse, anxiety, depression, atypical behaviors, and social skills and communication issues. One chapter is written by the internationally renowned \"horse whisperer\" Pat Parilli and offers a look at EAC from the horse's point of view and describes the process of developing a relationship with the horse in a positive, safe, and respectful manner, an important topic to ensure the well-being of the horse throughout a session. Counselors will find this a valuable resource for understanding and utilizing EAC as a new resource in their own practices, as will students seeking to learn about this innovative approach\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Effectiveness of a Standardized Equine-Assisted Therapy Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
In this study the effectiveness of an equine-assisted therapy (EAT) in improving adaptive and executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was examined (children attending EAT, n = 15, control group n = 13; inclusion criteria: IQ > 70). Therapeutic sessions consisted in structured activities involving horses and included both work on the ground and riding. Results indicate an improvement in social functioning in the group attending EAT (compared to the control group) and a milder effect on motor abilities. Improved executive functioning was also observed (i.e. reduced planning time in a problem-solving task) at the end of the EAT program. Our findings provide further support for the use of animal-assisted intervention programs as complementary intervention strategies for children with ASD.
Journal Article
Embodied relating and transformation : tales from equine-facilitated counseling
\"What kinds of embodied and relational learning can come from developing a responsive relationship with a horse? What insights might such ways of learning offer counselors and educators? In this book, the authors explore how women challenged by disordered eating develop transformative relational and embodied experiences through Equine-Facilitated Counseling (EFC). Embodiment refers to how we engage with others and the world in often habitual and taken for granted ways that shape who we are and the relationships we have. These habitual ways of being provide us with a sense of stability, but they can sometimes become constraining and problematic (as in the case of eating disorders). Our corporeal engagement with the world structures such habits, but it can also afford us opportunities to experiment, modify, and challenge problematic patterns, and in some instances, create new and preferred ones. The horses that participate in EFC present a vastly different sort of other who can help clients interrupt their sedimented ways of being and foster moments of responsivity that hold the power to become transformative. This theoretical context presents a different way of thinking about and practicing counseling? one that adds to a growing language of embodiment across a variety of disciplines. Chapters set forth a theoretical context for understanding the following: relationally embodied processes of stability and change, EFC, client stories from our research associated with riding horses in EFC, and implications we see for practice across different healing and learning contexts.\"
Book
Parent Perceptions of Psychosocial Outcomes of Equine-Assisted Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
This research explored parents’ perceptions of the psychosocial outcomes of their children’s experience of receiving equine-assisted interventions (EAI). Participants were the parents of six children (aged 3–14) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Five semi-structured interviews were conducted and the transcript data was analysed using Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four super-ordinate themes emerged from the analysis: (1) child’s improved self-concept and enhanced emotional well-being, (2) child’s improved self-regulatory ability, (3) social benefits for the child, and (4) unexpected outcomes. EAI was perceived by the parents as having several levels of psychosocial benefits for their children. These benefits may also extend to parents and family through ecopsychological and “flow on” effects associated with the children’s involvement in EAI programs.
Journal Article
The Impact of a Horse Riding Intervention on the Social Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
This paper reports a case-control study of a horse riding intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A sample of 26 children, aged 6 to 9 years, were assigned to either the intervention (n = 12) or control group conditions (n = 14). Pre- and post-tests were carried out using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS2) and the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist-Community Edition (ABC-C). An observational measure of compliance and behaviour during the horse riding sessions was completed for the intervention group. There was a significant reduction in the severity of ASD symptoms and hyperactivity from pre- to post-test for the intervention group only. These results indicate that the intervention improves some aspects of social functioning for children with ASD.
Journal Article
Study Protocol: Pegasus: psychotherapy incorporating horses for ‘therapy-resistant’ adolescents with autism spectrum disorders, a study with series of randomised, baseline controlled n-of-1 trials
Background
For people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), daily life can be highly stressful with many unpredictable events that can evoke emotion dysregulation (ED): a strong difficulty with appropriately negative affect regulation. For some of the patients with ASD, treatment as usual does not prove to be effective for ED. They may be at risk of life-long impairment, development of other disorders and loss of motivation for most regular forms of therapy. A highly promising method that may prove effective for therapy-resistant individuals with ASD is Psychotherapy incorporating horses (PIH). PIH uses the interactions of the horse and the patients on the ground and does not include horseriding. While often met with prejudgment and scepticism, reports from parents and therapists as well as a recent systematic review suggest that PIH may have beneficial effects on youths with ASD. Therefore, we examine clinical outcomes both in the short and in the long terms of PIH offered to adolescents with ASD and severe ED despite regular therapy.
Methods
A total of 35 adolescents aged 11–18 years with ASD will receive PIH during 15 sessions once a week with randomization to five different groups differentiating in baseline phase from 2 to 6 weeks. PIH uses horses to promote social awareness and self-awareness as well as relationship management and self-management. The primary outcome is the response to treatment on the Emotion Dysregulation Index (EDI). The secondary outcome measures include ASD symptom severity, quality of life, self-esteem, global and family functioning, and goal attainment. Assessments take place at the baseline (T0), at the end of baseline phase A (T1), after completion of intervention phase B (T2), after the end of post-measurement phase C (T3) and after one year (T4). Qualitative interviews of participants, parents and therapists will be held to reveal facilitators and barriers of PIH and a cost-effectiveness study will be performed.
Discussion
This study aims at contributing to clinical practice for adolescents with ASD and persistent emotion regulation problems despite 1.5 year of treatment by offering Psychotherapy incorporating horses in a study with series of randomised, baseline controlled n-of-1 trials.
Trial registration
www.ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05200351, December 10th 2021.
Journal Article
The Effect of Hippotherapy Simulator-Assisted Therapy on Motor and Functional Outcomes in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Background and Objectives: Horse riding simulators (HRS) provide rhythmic, repetitive, and multidirectional movements analogous to horseback riding, which may facilitate postural control, balance, and functional abilities in children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study aimed to investigate the effects of the HRS application on the muscle tone of the lower extremity, gross motor function, trunk postural control, balance, gait functions, and functional independence in children with CP. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study included 30 children with cerebral palsy (17 hemiparetic, 13 diparetic; mean age, 9.3 ± 3.2 years). All participants received Neurodevelopmental Therapy (NDT) for eight weeks, followed by eight weeks of HRS plus NDT, in a sequential design. Outcomes included the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Myoton®PRO, Gross Motor Function Measures (GMFM)-88, Pedalo® Sensamove Balance Test (Pedalo® SBT), Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), gait analysis parameters, and Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM). Assessments were made at baseline, the 8th, and the 16th week. Results: At week 16, after incorporating HRS, all MAS parameters demonstrated greater improvements compared to those achieved during the first eight weeks of NDT alone (ES: 0.728–0.931, p < 0.05). Myoton®PRO measurements showed a significant reduction in gastrocnemius stiffness (ES = 0.672, p < 0.05) in hemiparetic children and decreases in hip adductor (ES: 0.649, p < 0.05) and gastrocnemius-soleus (ES: 0.766–0.865, p < 0.05) stiffness from week 8 to 16 in diparetic children following HRS intervention. Total scores on the GMFM-88, WeeFIM, TIS, and PBS improved significantly, with large effect sizes observed both from baseline to week 16 and from week 8 to 16 (ES: 0.771–0.886, p < 0.05). Additionally, Pedalo® SBT scores increased following HRS intervention from baseline to week 16 (ES = 0.599–0.602, p < 0.05). Conclusions: HRS integrated with conventional NDT may improve muscle tone, motor function, balance, gait, and functional independence in children with cerebral palsy, representing a valuable adjunct to standard rehabilitation. These findings provide the first evidence that simulator-assisted interventions may benefit daily activities in children with cerebral palsy.
Journal Article
Equine-assisted service’s effect on cartilage and skeletal biomarkers for adults and older adults with arthritis: A pilot study
The object of this study was to determine the effect of EAS (Equine-Assisted Services) on arthritis conditions, as measured by the sTnT (Skeletal troponin) and COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins) biomarkers, compared to an exercise attention control intervention.
This was a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial comparing equine-assisted therapy to exercise education attention-control on cartilage and skeletal biomarkers in adults with arthritis. Twenty-one adults (Mage = 64 years) with arthritis who attended rheumatology clinics in the midwestern United States participated.
No changes were found in sTnT from baseline to week six within either intervention nor were there differences in changes between the two groups (p = 0.91). COMP increased from baseline to week six for both conditions, suggesting increased deterioration of cartilage and joints. Although the attention-control condition demonstrated larger increases in cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins level, compared to the EAS condition, these differences were not statistically (p = 0.58) or clinically significant (i.e., trivial effect, d = −0.16). When 3 outliers were removed, the differences in changes between EAT and attention-control group could be arguably of clinical significance (d = - 0.33), suggesting that the attention-control group demonstrated larger increases in levels of COMP than those in the EAS condition, though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.28).
Although equine-assisted therapy may reduce pain and improve quality of life for adults with arthritis, findings here are not fully corroborated with biomarkers.
•EAS did not change skeletal troponin T after 6 weeks.•COMP increased from baseline to week six for both groups but not significantly.•EAS is tolerable yet findings here are not fully corroborated with biomarkers.
Journal Article
The effect of horse simulator riding on visual analogue scale, body composition and trunk strength in the patients with chronic low back pain
Summary Background Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, and thus effective treatments are required. Recently, a real horseback riding has been reported to be beneficial for the patients. However, it has some limitations, such as limited approaches and safety issues. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of horse simulator riding on back pain, body composition and trunk strength in the patients with CLBP. Participants Forty‐seven men with CLBP (mean age 20.55 ± 1.38 years) were randomly divided into a control group (n = 23) and a horse simulator riding group (n = 24), and visual analogue scale (VAS), body composition and isokinetic trunk strength were measured after 8 weeks for which subjects in a horse simulator riding group had performed the horse simulator exercise (HSE). Results Horse simulator exercise significantly reduced pain scores of VAS and enhanced isokinetic torques of trunk at 30 and 90°/s. There were also significantly increased muscle mass and decreased fat mass in horse simulator riding group. Conclusion It can be inferred that HSE may be helpful in relief of back pain and recovery of back function through developing trunk strength and balancing the ratio of trunk flexor/extensor muscles. Linked Comment: Citrome Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68: 931.
Journal Article
Complementary horse-assisted therapy for substance use disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Background
Treatment completion is the greatest challenge for the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). A previous investigation showed that complementary horse-assisted therapy (cHAT) was associated with higher retention in treatment and completion than standard treatment alone. This randomized controlled trial further explored the benefits of cHAT for patients with SUDs.
Methods
Fifty patients in residential SUD treatment at the Department of Addiction Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, were randomly allocated to either cHAT (cHAT group) or treatment as usual alone (TAU-only group). The primary end-point was treatment completion. Secondary end-points were dropout, transfer to another treatment, and time in treatment.
Results
The multinomial logistic regression analysis found no statistically significant association between intervention (cHAT) and treatment outcome (completion, dropout, transferred) among the 37 participants who were ultimately recruited to the study. Some unforeseen challenges were encountered in the study: a high number of subjects transferred to another treatment, variable attendance at cHAT sessions, and long temporary exits. Nevertheless, 44% of participants in the cHAT group completed their treatment, compared with 32% in the TAU-only group; this observation encourages further investigation in a larger sample.
Conclusions
Though no association was identified between cHAT and treatment retention or completion, our study may have been underpowered. Further work in a larger clinical population is needed; observational studies with repeated measures may also be useful for investigating whether cHAT increases retention in treatment or rates of completion, two important factors for successful SUD treatment.
Trial registration
The trial was registered and approved on 14 October 2011 by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics with registration number 2011/1642 and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 21 February 2013 with registration number NCT01795755
Journal Article