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Ancient Rome and Pompeii : a nonfiction companion to Vacation under the volcano
Learn about the fascinating Roman world and the destruction of the city of Pompeii.
Book
Potential impacts of major nineteenth century volcanic eruptions on temperature over Cape Town, South Africa: 1834–1899
Improving scientific knowledge of volcanic eruptions and their impact on climate is important for testing and improving climate projection models. Despite substantive work on the impacts of major volcanic eruptions on global to regional scale climate, most studies have focussed on the northern hemisphere, with little information available for the southern hemisphere. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence suggesting that major volcanic eruptions significantly influence weather patterns and climates of the southern hemisphere. Here we examine the climatic impact of major nineteenth century volcanic eruptions at various temporal scales for southernmost Africa (i.e. Cape Town). The oldest and longest available daily instrumental weather record for southern Africa (the South African Astronomical Observatory record) is used to test possible temperature responses following seven major volcanic eruptions (Cosiguina, 1835; Amargura, 1846; Cotopaxi, 1855; Makian, 1861; Cotopaxi, 1877; Krakatau, 1883; Tarawera, 1886) during the period 1834–1899. Following all the eruptions (for which data are available), a mean negative temperature departure is recorded in Cape Town in the second year post-eruption. The most immediate (first ten months) negative temperature response is noted following the four strongest eruptions. Tarawera, the only SH eruption, recorded the strongest and most immediate (months 1–10) mean negative temperature departure (− 0.54 °C). The importance of investigating post-eruption climatic responses at a seasonal temporal scale is demonstrated; for instance by the identification of cooler than ‘normal’ but extreme unidirectional temperature departures during austral autumn. Similarly, investigations at the monthly temporal scale enabled the identification of an increase in extreme opposing month-to-month temperature variability following such eruptions.
Journal Article
New Insights Into the Relationship Between Mass Eruption Rate and Volcanic Column Height Based On the IVESPA Data Set
Rapid and simple estimation of the mass eruption rate (MER) from column height is essential for real‐time volcanic hazard management and reconstruction of past explosive eruptions. Using 134 eruptive events from the new Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, v1.0), we explore empirical MER‐height relationships for four measures of column height: spreading level, sulfur dioxide height, and top height from direct observations and as reconstructed from deposits. These relationships show significant differences and highlight limitations of empirical models currently used in operational and research applications. The roles of atmospheric stratification, wind, and humidity remain challenging to detect across the wide range of eruptive conditions spanned in IVESPA, ultimately resulting in empirical relationships outperforming analytical models that account for atmospheric conditions. This finding highlights challenges in constraining the MER‐height relation using heterogeneous observations and empirical models, which reinforces the need for improved eruption source parameter data sets and physics‐based models.
Plain Language Summary
Explosive volcanic eruptions expel gas and tephra in the form of a volcanic column (or plume) that rises into the atmosphere. Two important metrics characterizing these eruptions are the maximum rise height and the eruptive intensity, that is, the rate at which material is emitted from the eruptive vent. Understanding the relationship between these parameters is critical for reconstructing past volcanic events and managing hazards during volcanic crises. In this study, we use a new database of well‐characterized eruptions to constrain simple relationships between column height and eruptive intensity. We distinguish four different measurements of column height: the maximum height reached by tephra from observations and from analysis of deposits, the height at which ash spreads in the atmosphere, and the height reached by volcanic sulfur gases. We show that each height category has a distinct relationship with the eruption intensity, enabling volcanologists and risk managers to use the relationship most appropriate to the measurements available to them. Despite the improved level of detail, our data set cannot resolve any systematic influence of atmospheric conditions such as wind and humidity on eruption column height, highlighting difficulties in measuring volcanic eruption characteristics and understanding their dynamics.
Key Points
We provide empirical scaling relationships between mass eruption rate (MER) and column height using a new database with 134 volcanic events
We constrain bespoke relationships and their uncertainties for four height metrics to support ash dispersion forecasters and researchers
We detect no clear atmospheric influence on scaling relationships, highlighting required improvements of scaling models and the database
Journal Article
Pompeii
This title examines the exploration and study of Pompeii. The book explores the lives of the city's builders and the city's destruction, traces its discovery and scientific investigation, and discusses future study and conservation efforts.
Book
A Seismic Precursor 15 min Before the Giant Eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano on 15 January 2022
The 15 January 2022, eruption at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano started shortly after 4:00UTC. There had been noted unconfirmed precursory events. We analyzed seismometer data recorded in Fiji and Futuna, the closest stations operated during the eruption and located over 750 km away. We extracted Rayleigh waves and estimated their powers and source directions, assuming retrograde particle motions. We found a Rayleigh wave from the HTHH's direction about 15 min before the eruption onset. The arrival time difference of the Rayleigh wave between the two stations was consistent with that of the M5.8 earthquake during the eruption located beneath the HTHH. Referring to other seismic signals and satellite images, we concluded that the Rayleigh wave was the most significant eruption precursor with no apparent surface activity. Including our findings and results of previous studies, we propose a scenario of the beginning of the caldera‐forming eruption.
Plain Language Summary
Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano in Tonga had a caldera‐forming eruption on 15 January 2022. Disturbances associated with the eruption were recorded worldwide and by satellites. Many studies analyzed the data and reported that the eruption onset was shortly after 04:00UTC on January 15. However, some articles reported unconfirmed waves about 15 min before the eruption onset. This study is motivated by the following questions: (a) Were the unconfirmed waves actual? (b) Were they related to the eruption? (c) How did the huge eruption start? (d) How can we improve the monitoring of remote‐island and submarine volcanoes? Here, we analyzed data recorded at the closest seismic stations over 750 km away. We confirmed that a precursor event occurred ∼ ${\\sim} $15 min before the eruption and generated a significant seismic wave. This event might have been the trigger of the eruption. This study demonstrated that distant seismic stations and appropriate analysis methods will allow us to capture precursors leading to a catastrophic eruption.
Key Points
The volcano generated Rayleigh waves about 15 min before the giant eruption with no apparent surface activity
These waves dominated in 0.03–0.1 Hz with amplitudes comparable to the amplitude of M4.9
Seismic stations 750 km from the volcano and appropriate data analyses allowed us to capture precursors of the catastrophic eruption
Journal Article
Pompeii-- buried alive!
A simple retelling of the fateful days in 79 A.D. when Mt. Vesuvius erupted and the people in the ancient town of Pompeii perished.
Book
Explosive Eruption Column Dynamics for Crystal‐Rich Magmas
Many deposits of large‐volume explosive eruptions involved magma with ∼25–50 vol.% of lapilli‐size crystals. Numerical modeling shows that such abundances of coarse crystals in an erupting mixture significantly influence eruption column dynamics compared to eruptions dominated by fine ash. In high gas content eruptions that would otherwise produce buoyant plumes/columns, the abundant crystals can cause chaotic fountains wherein waves of particles collapse from time‐varying locations in the eruptive jet. Crystal‐rich eruptions with intermediate gas content can generate stable fountains and pyroclastic currents under conditions that would produce a buoyant plume in fine ash‐only eruptions. Some conditions produce mixed behaviors involving low‐altitude fallout of crystals while a buoyant fine‐ash plume rises above. Crystal‐rich eruptions, particularly large ones, are likely to proceed directly to fountaining and ignimbrite deposition without the canonical buoyant eruption plume and basal fall unit, explaining field observations.
Journal Article
Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions: current understanding
Adverse cutaneous drug reactions are recognized as being major health problems worldwide causing considerable costs for health care systems. Most adverse cutaneous drug reactions follow a benign course; however, up to 2 % of all adverse cutaneous drug eruptions are severe and life-threatening. These include acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Physicians should be aware of specific red flags to rapidly identify these severe cutaneous drug eruptions and initiate appropriate treatment. Besides significant progress in clinical classification and treatment, recent studies have greatly enhanced our understanding in the pathophysiology of adverse cutaneous drug reactions. Genetic susceptibilities to certain drugs have been identified in SJS/TEN patients, viral reactivation in DRESS has been elucidated, and the discovery of tissue resident memory T cells helps to better understand the recurrent site-specific inflammation in patients with fixed drug eruption.
Journal Article