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Recent Court Decisions on Real Estate and Valuation In June 2005, Pui Ho (Ho) purchased a home in Bristow, Virginia. On appeal, Ho contended that the period of time necessary to acquire an interest in property by adverse possession begins to run when the property interest is sufficiently invaded and continues to run regardless of any intervening sale by the rightful owner to someone else. [...]the trial court erred in sustaining Rahman's plea in bar that the fifteen-year statute of limitations could not have run against him because he had not owned the property for fifteen years. Not every instance of land possession has the potential to ripen into a claim of ownership, even if that possession has persisted for fifteen or more years. Because much remained to be proven in a trial court, the court remanded the case for further proceedines.

The new edition of Brown's Boundary Control and Legal Principles has been updated to reflect ongoing changes in surveying technology and surveying law, notably by adding water boundary expert George Cole as a contributor to revamp information on Riparian and Littorial Boundaries. Additionally, a new appendix has been introduced containing a comprehensive list of surveying books that have been referenced in court cases and legal decisions as persuasive authority over the years. It is indispensable reading for students and practicioners studying for the Fundamentals of Land Surveying licensure exam.

Studies of residential segregation typically focus on its degree without questioning its scale and configuration. The authors study southern cities in 1880 to emphasize the salience of these spatial dimensions. Distance-based and sequence indices can reflect spatial patterns but with some limitations, while geocoded 100% population data make possible more informative measures. One improvement is flexibility in spatial scale, ranging from adjacent buildings to whole districts of the city. Another is the ability to map patterns in fine detail. In southern cities the authors find qualitatively distinct configurations that include not only black “neighborhoods” as usually imagined but also backyard housing, alley housing, and side streets that were predominantly black. These configurations represent the sort of symbolic boundaries recognized by urban ethnographers. By mapping residential configurations and interpreting them in light of historical accounts, the authors intend to capture meanings that are too often missed by quantitative studies of segregation.

The U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) allows any person to request any agency record for any reason. This model has been copied worldwide and celebrated as a structural necessity in a real democracy. Yet in practice, this Article argues, FOIA embodies a distinctively \"reactionary\" form of transparency. FOIA is reactionary in a straightforward, procedural sense in that disclosure responds to ad hoc demands for information. Partly because of this very feature, FOIA can also be seen as reactionary in a more substantive, political sense insofar as it saps regulatory capacity; distributes government goods in an inegalitarian fashion; and contributes to a culture of adversarialism and derision surrounding the domestic policy bureaucracy while insulating the far more secretive national security agencies, as well as corporations, from similar scrutiny. If this Article's core claims are correct to any significant degree, then open government advocates in general, and progressives in particular, ought to rethink their relationship to this landmark law.

Boeschenstein offers insights on the division of the western territories. The density of this forest surpasses any vision of Appalachian woods may have today. These trees are so tall, five grown men can't reach around some trunks. Leaves are not yet budding, so the skeletal structures of beeches, oaks, maples, poplars, elms, spruce, sycamores, and crab apples stand vulnerable. Where a convenient landmark fails to present itself, a land surveyor tags a real tree near an imagined corner to mark the changing direction of the boundary he's surveying. In doing so, he turns tree into witness tree. When others come after him to clear the wilderness, they will know to leave these trees, these markers of mandate, as they are because these are the cut lines for the cloth of the country.

Understanding the impact of management interventions on the environment over decadal and longer timeframes is urgently required. Longitudinal or large-scale studies with consistent methods are best practice, but more commonly, small datasets with differing methods are used to achieve larger coverage. Changes in methods and interpretation affect our ability to understand data trends through time or across space, so an ability to understand and adjust for such discrepancies between datasets is important for applied ecologists. Calibration or double sampling is the key to unlocking the value from disparate datasets, allowing us to account for the differences between datasets while acknowledging the uncertainties. We use a case study of livestock grazing impacts on riparian vegetation in southeastern Australia to develop a flexible and powerful approach to this problem. Using double sampling, we estimated changes in vegetation attributes over a 12-year period using a pseudo-quantitative visual method as the starting point, and the same technique plus point-intercept survey for the second round. The disparate nature of the datasets produced uncertain estimates of change over time, but accounting for this uncertainty explicitly is precisely the objective and highlights the need to look more closely at this very common problem in environmental management, as well as the potential benefits of the double sampling approach.

Spain has a tax-oriented cadastre with legal data about properties (ownership, rights, liens, charges, and restrictions) recorded in a separate property rights registry (henceforth called land registry). This paper describes the Spanish cadastre and land registry by focusing on the new coordination system set by Law 13/2015. Since Law 13/2015 came into force in Spain, cadastral cartography is the basis for knowing where land registry units are located. The new coordination system sets a procedure to update the cadastral parcel boundary of a property when it does not match with reality. In these cases, the free-profession land surveyor sends the new property boundary through the Internet in order to update the corresponding cadastral parcel boundary. Currently, neither the cadastre nor the land registry has considered storing geographical metadata for each property boundary in a standardised way. As boundaries show the limits of individual properties, boundary metadata denote the accuracy with which such ownership rights are indicated. We propose that, for these boundary update cases, the Spanish cadastre also allows the upload of qualitative and quantitative instances of the data quality class of the Spanish Metadata Core standard, and this information be available for users, for example in an XML file. These metadata provide justified information about how the boundary has been obtained and its accuracy. Software has been developed to manage this metadata of each property boundary, in order to allow us to evaluate whether or not this information is useful. We present the conclusions about some real-life tests of property delimitations.

Since long before the settling of the American colonies, property boundaries were described by the \"metes and bounds\" method, a system of demarcation dependent on localized knowledge of movable stones, impermanent trees, and transient neighbors. Metes and bounds systems have long been the subject of ridicule among scholars, and a recent wave of law-and-economics scholarship has argued that land boundaries must be easily standardized to facilitate market transactions and yield economic development. However, historians have not yet explored the social and legal context surrounding earlier metes and bounds systems—obscuring the important role that nonstandardized property can play in stimulating growth. Using new archival research from the American colonial period, this Article reconstructs the forgotten history of metes and bounds within recording practice. Importantly, the benefits of metes and bounds were greater, and the associated costs lower, than an ahistorical examination of these records would indicate. The rich descriptions of the metes and bounds of colonial properties were customized to the preferences of American settlers and could be tailored to different types of property interests, permitting simple compliance with recording laws. While standardization is critical for enabling property to be understood by a larger and more distant set of buyers and creditors, customized property practices built upon localized knowledge serve other important social functions that likewise encourage development.

In 1806, High Court judge Luiz Gonzaga de Carvalho e Britto published the first Portuguese manual devoted to making property-register books. In this, he advocated a curious method for surveying and drawing estate maps, one based on his own experience as a mapmaker. Britto's aim in compiling the manual was to instruct other judges in the map-making techniques needed for registering property. In this article, Britto's maps and method of map making, as articulated in his manual, offer a window into the practice of estate mapping in early nineteenth-century Portugal. They also convey an idea that was controversial in its time: that judges themselves should be involved in the production of estate maps. While estate mapping was common across Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in Portugal they were a rare phenomenon, hence the scarcity of these maps in archives, and the uniqueness of Britto's example.

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