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This book closely examines texts from Chinese and Western traditions that hold up ethics as the inviolable ground of human existence, as well as those that regard ethics with suspicion. The negative notion of morality contends that because ethics cannot be divorced from questions of belonging and identity, there is a danger that it can be nudged into the domain of the unethical, since ethical virtues can become properties to be possessed with which the recognition of others is solicited. Ethics thus fosters the very egoism it hopes to transcend, and risks excluding the unfamiliar and the stranger. The author argues inspirationally that the unethical underbelly of ethics must be recognized in order to ensure that it remains vibrant.

In modern times politics in the Western world has become the ultimate source of morality, with the decline of religious and spiritual certainties. Today, public legitimacy, both political and moral, can only be derived from the idea that authority is based on individual decisions. The foundation of modern Western morality is based on the priority of the individual, hence the entitlement of modern democracy. This book is a case in favour of communal based individualism. Narrow-minded individualism can only lead to modern forms of nihilistic morality, such as egoism and narcissism. Today the schisms of morality within Western culture are more and more visible; between the USA and Europe; and is within Europe, which has been exacerbated by the rift between Europe and Russia. The book argues that if these schisms are not handled in a moral sense, then Nietzsche's prediction that Europe was to face two hundred years of nihilism might come true, and would threaten Western civilization.

The rapidly evolving situation raises three fundamental questions: how much emphasis should the international community place on experimental interventions in response to the Ebola epidemic; what are the ethical considerations if experimental treatments or vaccines are deployed; and if any interventions prove safe and effective, how can they be made more widely available?

This paper asks how bioethics navigates, and should navigate, value pluralism in the increasingly global spaces in which bioethics operates. We juxtapose the ethical approaches suggested by East Asian societies, drawing primarily on Confucian ethics, with approaches more prevalent in Western societies, especially North America and Western Europe. Drawing on the Confucian virtue of li (禮) (ritual propriety and decorum), we argue for greater tolerance, respect, epistemic justice, cultural humility and civility. We show how to translate these values into practice using the examples of international bioethics policies governing abortion practice, artificial intelligence governance and climate change. The ‘Introduction’ section raises the question of how to engage in bioethics across borders. The section, ‘Leading Views of Bioethics are WEIRD’ explores how the field of bioethics currently navigates value pluralism. It characterises leading bioethics approaches as WEIRD—Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic. The section, ‘East Asian and Western Views of Personhood’ illustrates WEIRD approaches, juxtaposing Eastern and Western accounts of personhood in three cases: social robots, prenatal human life, and nature. The section, ‘Epistemic Justice and Value Pluralism’ argues that bioethics’ WEIRDness violates epistemic justice by assigning excess credibility to the West while deflating the credibility of the East. We propose a pluriversal alternative and apply it to bioethics practice by drawing on the Confucian virtue of li. The paper concludes that bioethicists should embrace a pluriversal approach to global value diversity.

In spite of extensive research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its link with economic and social performance, few studies have investigated the institutional determinants of CSR. This article draws upon neo-institutional theory and comparative institutional analysis to compare the influence of different institutional environments on CSR policies of European firms. On the basis of a dataset of European firms, we find that firms from the more liberal market economies of the Anglo-Saxon countries score higher on most dimensions of CSR than firms in the more coordinated market economies (CMEs) in Continental Europe. This result lends support to the view of voluntary CSR practices in liberal economies as being a substitute for institutionalized forms of stakeholder participation. Meanwhile, CSR tends not to mirror more institutionalized forms of stakeholder coordination. Instead, in CMEs, CSR often takes on more implicit forms. Our analysis also shows that national institutional and sectoral-level factors have an asymmetric effect - strongly influencing the likelihood of firms adopting 'minimum standards' of CSR, but having little influence on the adoption of 'best practices'.

Remix -- or the practice of recombining preexisting content -- has proliferated across media both digital and analog. Fans celebrate it as a revolutionary new creative practice; critics characterize it as a lazy and cheap (and often illegal) recycling of other people's work. In Of Remixology, David Gunkel argues that to understand remix, we need to change the terms of the debate. The two sides of the remix controversy, Gunkel contends, share certain underlying values -- originality, innovation, artistic integrity. And each side seeks to protect these values from the threat that is represented by the other. In reevaluating these shared philosophical assumptions, Gunkel not only provides a new way to understand remix, he also offers an innovative theory of moral and aesthetic value for the twenty-first century.In a section called quot;Premix,quot; Gunkel examines the terminology of remix (including quot;collage,quot; quot;sample,quot; quot;bootleg,quot; and quot;mashupquot;) and its material preconditions, the technology of recording. In quot;Remix,quot; he takes on the distinction between original and copy; makes a case for repetition; and considers the question of authorship in a world of seemingly endless recompiled and repurposed content. Finally, in quot;Postmix,quot; Gunkel outlines a new theory of moral and aesthetic value that can accommodate remix and its cultural significance, remixing -- or reconfiguring and recombining -- traditional philosophical approaches in the process.

Generally, conventional biomedically rooted ethical guidelines developed in Western countries for ethnographic research in non-Western countries are often impractical and raise contention. Ethical approval from research ethics committees (RECs) is a significant aspect of the research process. However, for researchers wanting to conduct a research study in an African context in a culturally sensitive manner, identifying ethics procedures that meet the demands of RECs while acknowledging the indigenous ethics of the research context creates ethical dilemmas. In this article, we reflect on our experiences conducting a study on child feeding practices in a rural community in Ghana. The aim is to discuss some ethical dilemmas that confront researchers as they seek to adhere to conventional ethical protocols and regulations while respecting the indigenous ethics, values, and practices of the research setting. RECs need to acknowledge that while researchers must uphold core ethical principles, ethics procedures must also meet the contextual requirements of the research participants. Research ethics is an ongoing process subject to re-negotiation and re-interpretation; therefore, RECs should allow researchers to adapt their methods to local circumstances without needing further review. Consequently, RECs must allow for culturally sensitive ethics procedures. These suggestions have the potential to ensure that research projects in Africa are culturally appropriate, increasing the acceptability of research by indigenous communities.

A case study is used to understand how Western international branch campuses (IBCs) in China represent themselves through web-based branding materials. Drawing on colonial discourse analysis and the theoretical framework of Whiteness as futurity, this study examined the case of Wenzhou-Kean University, a Sino-US cooperative institution to understand how Western IBCs in China interpret and promote internationalization in higher education. By examining how Whiteness through the discourse of world-class education has been mobilized and reproduced, this study argued that the operation of IBCs perpetuated Western supremacy in the global higher education landscape at the expense of local people and knowledges.

Background Enrolling participants in clinical trials can be challenging, especially with respect to prophylactic vaccine trials. The vaccination of study personnel in Ebola vaccine trials during the 2014–2016 epidemic played a crucial role in inspiring trust and facilitating volunteer enrollment. We evaluated the ethical and methodological considerations as they applied to an ongoing phase 2 randomized prophylactic Ebola vaccine trial that enrolled healthy volunteers in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Mali in a non-epidemic context. Methods On the assumption that the personnel on site involved in executing the protocol, as well as community mobilizers (not involved in the on-site procedures), might also volunteer to enter the trial, we considered both ethical and methodological considerations to set clear rules that can be shared a priori with these persons. We reviewed the scientific and gray literature to identify relevant references and then conducted an analysis of the ethical and methodological considerations. Results There are currently no regulations preventing a clinical investigator or site staff from participating in a trial. However, the enrollment of personnel raises the risk of undue influence and challenges the basic ethical principle of voluntary participation. The confidentiality of personal medical information, such as HIV test results, may also be difficult to ensure among personnel. There is a risk of disruption of trial operations due to the potential absence of the personnel for their commitment as trial participants, and there is also a potential for introducing differential behavior of on-site staff as they obtain access to accumulating information during the trial (e.g., the incidence of adverse events). Blinding could be jeopardized, given knowledge of product-specific adverse event profiles and the proximity to unblinded site staff. These aspects were considered more relevant for on-site staff than for community mobilizers, who have limited contact with site staff. Conclusion In a non-epidemic context, ethical and methodological considerations limit the collective benefit of enrolling site staff in a vaccine trial. These considerations do not apply to community mobilizers, whose potential enrollment should be considered as long as they meet the inclusion criteria and they are not exposed to any form of coercion.