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Measuring manhood : race and the science of masculinity, 1830-1934
\"From the 'gay gene' to the 'female brain' and African American students' insufficient 'hereditary background' for higher education, arguments about a biological basis for human difference have reemerged in the twenty-first century. Measuring Manhood shows where they got their start. Melissa N. Stein analyzes how race became the purview of science in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America and how it was constructed as a biological phenomenon with far-reaching social, cultural, and political resonances. She tells of scientific 'experts' who advised the nation on its most pressing issues and exposes their use of gender and sex differences to conceptualize or buttress their claims about racial difference. Stein examines the works of scientists and scholars from medicine, biology, ethnology, and other fields to trace how their conclusions about human difference did no less than to legitimize sociopolitical hierarchy in the United States. Covering a wide range of historical actors from Samuel Morton, the infamous collector and measurer of skulls in the 1830s, to NAACP leader and antilynching activist Walter White in the 1930s, this book reveals the role of gender, sex, and sexuality in the scientific making--and unmaking--of race\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Inter‐ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics—is there more that unites than divides?
Inter‐ethnic variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) has been attributed to several factors ranging from genetic to environmental. It is not clear how current teaching in higher education (HE) reflects what published literature suggests on this subject. This study aims to gain insights into current knowledge about inter‐ethnic differences in PK based on reports from published literature and current teaching practices in HE. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus to identify suitable literature to be reviewed. Insights into inter‐ethnic differences in PK teaching among educators in HE and industry were determined using a questionnaire. Thirty‐one percent of the studies reviewed reported inter‐ethnic differences in PK, of these, 37% of authors suggested genetic polymorphism as possible explanation for the inter‐ethnic differences observed. Other factors authors proposed included diet and weight differences between ethnicities. Most respondents (80%) who taught inter‐ethnic difference in PK attributed inter‐ethnic differences to genetic polymorphism. While genetic polymorphism is one source of variability in PK, the teaching of genetic polymorphism is better associated with interindividual variabilities rather than inter‐ethnic differences in PK as there are no genes with PK implications specific to any one ethnic group. Nongenetic factors such as diet, weight, and environmental factors, should be highlighted as potential sources of interindividual variation in the PK of drugs.
Journal Article
A Census Tract–Level Examination of Differences in Social Determinants of Health Among People With HIV, by Race/Ethnicity and Geography, United States and Puerto Rico, 2017
Objective
Social and structural factors, referred to as social determinants of health (SDH), create pathways or barriers to equitable sexual health, and information on these factors can provide critical insight into rates of diseases such as HIV. Our objectives were to describe and identify differences, by race/ethnicity and geography, in SDH among adults with HIV.
Methods
We conducted an ecological study to explore SDH among people with HIV diagnosed in 2017, by race/ethnicity and geography, at the census-tract level in the United States and Puerto Rico. We defined the least favorable SDH as the following: low income (<$40 000 in median annual household income), low levels of education (≥18% of residents have
Journal Article
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Vaping Product Use among Youth: A State-Level Analysis
National data suggest that non-Hispanic, White youth engage in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use at the highest rates. These results are not likely to be mirrored across regional contexts. State-representative data from Utah in 2019 (N = 58,689) were used to estimate the odds of lifetime and past 30-day vaping across seven racial/ethnic categories. Youth in grades 8, 10, and 12 (mean age 15.2; 52% female) self-reported race/ethnicity and vaping product use history, including e-cigarettes, vape pens, or mods. A Cox proportional hazards model estimated the cumulative probabilities for initiating vaping product use. The results indicated that American Indian or Alaskan Native, Black or African American, Hispanic/Latino, Multiracial, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander youth had significantly higher odds of both lifetime and past 30-day vaping compared to non-Hispanic White youth. The results showed significant variation in the cumulative probability of initiation by race/ethnicity, with Hispanic/Latino youth reporting the highest odds of initiation at each age. The regional patterns of vaping across racial/ethnic groups may not mirror national trends. State- and community-level data should be used to inform efforts to reduce e-cigarette use and promote health equity among youth.
Journal Article
Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with obesity in most, but not all, ethnic groups, suggesting important ethnic differences in disease susceptibility. Although it is clear that insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of T2DM and that insulin resistance is strongly associated with increases in hepatic (HTG) and/or intramyocellular lipid content, little is known about the prevalence of insulin resistance and potential differences in intracellular lipid distribution among healthy, young, lean individuals of different ethnic groups. To examine this question, 482 young, lean, healthy, sedentary, nonsmoking Eastern Asians (n = 49), Asian-Indians (n = 59), Blacks (n = 48), Caucasians (n = 292), and Hispanics (n = 34) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to assess whole-body insulin sensitivity by an insulin sensitivity index. In addition, intramyocellular lipid and HTG contents were measured by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The prevalence of insulin resistance, defined as the lower quartile of insulin sensitivity index, was approximately equal to 2- to 3-fold higher in the Asian-Indians compared with all other ethnic groups, and this could entirely be attributed to a 3- to 4-fold increased prevalence of insulin resistance in Asian-Indian men. This increased prevalence of insulin resistance in the Asian-Indian men was associated with an approximately equal to 2-fold increase in HTG content and plasma IL-6 concentrations compared with Caucasian men. These data demonstrate important ethnic and gender differences in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in Asian-Indian men and have important therapeutic implications for treatment of T2DM and for the development of steatosis-related liver disease in this ethnic group.
Journal Article
Exploring disparities in the proportion of ultra-processed foods and beverages purchased in grocery stores by US households in 2020
American diets are increasingly based on ultra-processed foods (UPF). Current research, particularly on socio-economic differentials, is lacking. This study aimed to provide an updated examination of US household purchases of UPF and how this differs by race-ethnicity, household income and household education.
The NielsenIQ Consumer Panel 2020 was utilised for analysis. Each food and beverage product purchased by US households was assigned a level of processing under the Nova level of processing classification system. The volume of UPF purchased overall and by food group was determined for each Nova processing group and examined by race-ethnicity, education and income. Results were stratified by race-ethnicity within each income group. A
value < 0·0001 was considered significant.
This study analysed data from the Nielsen IQ Consumer Panel 2020 which recorded household food purchases in the USA.
The Nielsen IQ Homescan Consumer Panel is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of around 35 000 and 60 000 US households.
Of 33 054 687 products purchased by 59 939 US households in 2020, 48 % of foods and 38 % of beverages were considered UPF. Categories with the highest proportion of purchases deriving from UPF included carbonated soft drinks (90 %), mixed dishes and soups (81 %) and sweets and snacks (71 %). Slightly higher but statistically significant proportions of UPF purchases occurred in the lowest income and education groups and among non-Hispanic whites.
It is concerning that household purchases of UPF in the USA are high. Policies that reduce consumption of UPF may help reduce diet-related health inequalities.
Journal Article
Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Ecological Risk Factors and Youth Outcomes: A Test of the Desensitization Hypothesis
Minority youth, because of structural, ecological, and societal inequalities, are at heightened risk of reporting depression and experiencing negative sanctions associated with delinquency. Sociological theories suggest that greater exposure to ecological risk factors at the peer, family, school and community levels are associated with elevated rates of youth depression and delinquency. Desensitization theory posits that repeated exposures to ongoing stressors result in a numbing of psychological and behavioral responses. Thus, it remains unclear whether racial/ethnic differences exist with regards to how contextual stressors correlate with depression and delinquency. Using a sample of 616 Black, 687 Latinx, and 1,318 White youth, this study explores racial/ethnic differences across four ecological risk factors of risky peers, low family warmth, poor school engagement, and community violence as they relate to youth delinquency and depression. Data were collected through in-school survey of youth from 16 public schools surrounding a major city in the Midwest. Significant racial/ethnic differences provided partial support for the desensitization theory. Among Black youth, the magnitude of relationships between ecological risk factors and delinquency was significantly weaker for three of the four predictors and for all four predictors of depression in comparison to White youth. Among Latinx youth, the magnitude of relationships between ecological risk factors was significantly weaker for depression, but not delinquency, in comparison to White youth. Results indicate that ecological risk factors may have differential associations to youth depression and delinquency, which may call for culturally tailored intervention approaches.HighlightsBecause of structural stressors inequalities minority youth report more depression and delinquency rates.Desensitization theory posits that repeated exposures to ongoing structural stressors result in a numbing of psychological and behavioral responses.Black versus white youth reported lower depression rates related to structural stressors.Latinx versus white youth reported lower depression rates but not delinquency related to structural stressors.
Journal Article
Varying responses to the introduction of earnings-related benefits: a study of 2004 parental leave reform in Estonia
Paid parental leave has become a part of family policies in an increasing number of Western societies. Parental leave benefits may create varying incentives which can lead to heterogeneous fertility responses. The aim of this study is to examine whether and how the changes in second- and third-order fertility associated with the 2004 parental leave reform in Estonia vary depending on mothers’ education and ethnic background. The study draws on data from Estonian administrative registers on women born between 1960 and 1999, who had their first or second child between 1993 and 2014. Mixture cure models are estimated for the transitions to second and third births. We find that women with high educational attainment exhibit a stronger response, both in terms of accelerating the tempo and increasing the quantum of fertility, to the introduction of earnings-related parental leave benefits, than their counterparts with less schooling. In terms of fertility quantum, Estonian women show a stronger response than women from other ethnic groups. Regarding the tempo of childbearing, the results pertaining to ethnic differences are mixed. The study suggests that changes in fertility behavior associated with the introduction of earnings-related parental leave benefits are more pronounced among women with higher opportunity costs.
Journal Article
Intersectionality matters for Hispanic health: A replication study using the All of Us Research Program
Background
Despite research dedicated to understanding the health profiles and health-related outcomes of Hispanic individuals, the prevailing body of literature frequently homogenizes the Hispanic population, failing to address the role of race in Hispanic health discourse. Thus, the current study applies an intersectional lens to identify health differences and similarities among Hispanic subgroups.
Methods
Sociodemographic characteristics and health domain variables (i.e., health status, health services, and health behaviors) from participants (
N
= 11,192) were included in the analyses. Bivariate Chi-squared tests examined the relationship between sociodemographic and health domain variables Black Hispanic individuals, white Hispanic individuals, and non-Hispanic Black individuals.
Results
Findings suggest that Non-Hispanic Black American individuals reported the highest rates of hypertension (49.09%) and diabetes (19.62%) compared to Black-Hispanic individuals (22.45% and 12.98%) and white Hispanic individuals (22.22% and 8.02%). Black Hispanic individuals reported the greatest proportion of asthma diagnoses (35.10%) and those who saw a doctor in the previous year (95.52%) compared to white Hispanic individuals (26.84%, and 91.10%, respectively) and non-Hispanic Black individuals ( 21.74%, and 94.69%, respectively).
Conclusion
Specifically, we found that several health behaviors and health-related outcomes significantly varied across different racial/ethnic groups, demonstrating the advantage of an intersectional approach to identify health disparities among racially diverse ethnic groups.
Public Health significance
We encourage the development of health care services with an awareness of the complexities resulting from racial differences within the Hispanic diaspora.
Journal Article
How Do Racial/Ethnic Groups Differ in Their Use of Neighborhood Parks? Findings from the National Study of Neighborhood Parks
The current study examined racial/ethnic differences in use of parks and park facilities and features and self-reported park use and perceptions. We conducted observations in a nationally representative sample of 193 neighborhood parks in 27 US cities over a 1-week period between April and August of 2016 using the System of Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). To determine the propensity of different racial/ethnic groups to use parks relative to expectation based on their representation in the surrounding neighborhood, we calculated the percentages of park users of each race/ethnicity and compared these to the percentages of racial/ethnic groups residing in the neighborhood within a 1-mile radius of the park based on 2010 U.S. Census data. In the same parks, we administered an intercept survey to assess park users’ self-reported use and perceptions of the park (N = 1872). We examined racial/ethnic differences in self-reported use and perceptions of parks using GEE models that adjusted for several individual- and park-level covariates. Hispanics comprised a disproportionate percentage of observed park users. Racial/ethnic groups generally did not differ in their self-reported park use and perceptions, except for the social context of park visits. In adjusted models, Hispanics had significantly higher odds of visiting with a child family member (OR = 1.44) and lower odds of visiting alone than non-Hispanic whites (OR = .55). Findings highlight Hispanics’ greater propensity to use parks and indicate that parks may serve a communal purpose for Hispanics that they do not serve for other racial/ethnic groups.
Journal Article