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Eupatorium lindleyanum , a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family, is renowned for its diverse bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, which contribute to its various pharmacological activities. However, the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms underlying flavonoid production in Eupatorium lindleyanum remain largely unexplored. In this study, an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach was employed to investigate flavonoid biosynthesis in Eupatorium lindleyanum . Samples from four different tissues (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) were analysed to identify variations in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). A total of 330 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites (DFMs) and 53,610 DEGs were identified. A total of 27 key structural genes involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, including PAL , 4CL , C3H , F3H , FLS , and ANS , and others were found to be significantly activated in specific tissues. Additionally, 69 transcription factors (TFs) from five families, including AP2/ERF , NAC , WRKY , MYB , and bHLH , were identified as potentially involved in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis. The findings of this study offer crucial information on the genes and metabolites involved in flavonoid metabolism in Eupatorium lindleyanum. The identification of key genes and TFs, along with an understanding of their regulatory networks, can facilitate the development of new cultivars with increased flavonoid contents and improved medicinal value.

Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (E. fortunei), a member of the Asteraceae family, is a widely utilized traditional medicinal herb in China. Historically, it has been employed to treat conditions such as influenza, nausea, anorexia, and various ailments associated with “pathogenic dampness”. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first systematic review of recent research on E. fortunei, based on a comprehensive literature search across both Chinese and international databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, and CNKI. The review encompasses its botanical characteristics, traditional applications, phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and toxicological profiles. Current research reveals a diverse array of phytochemicals in E. fortunei, with 162 compounds identified to date, including thymol derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, benzofurans, fatty acids, and other bioactive constituents. These compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, encompassing anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. Among these, thymol derivatives and benzofurans emerge as the most prominent bioactive compounds, demonstrating potent cytotoxic effects against various tumor cell lines. Although E. fortunei is generally considered safe, certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) present potential hepatotoxic risks, which can be mitigated through appropriate dosage control and formulation optimization. As a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb, E. fortunei exhibits substantial therapeutic potential. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of current research on E. fortunei, offering scientific evidence and guidance for its rational development and clinical application.

Eight samples of Eupatorium heterophyllum leaves were collected at different locations in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China, and their chemical constituents were investigated. Thirteen previously undescribed sesquiterpene lactones—seven germacranolides, three eudesmanolides, two guaianolides, and a 2-norelemanolide—were isolated, and their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses. The major constituents in the six samples from northwestern Yunnan and Sichuan are hiyodorilactones A and B, whereas that in the two samples from the region near Kunming, Yunnan is eupatoriopicrin. These results and previously reported results suggest the presence of locality-dependent intra-specific diversity in the chemical constituents of E. heterophyllum leaves.

Background Eupatorium lindleyanum is a widely utilized traditional medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological activities, extensive distribution, and abundant resources, making it a promising candidate for industrial and scientific research. However, limited genomic resources and unclear genetic relationships have hindered its development. To date, molecular studies on E. lindleyanum are scarce, and no detailed mitochondrial genome analyses have been reported for congeneric species. Results In this study, we present the first complete assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial and plastid genomes of E. lindleyanum , investigating their potential for phylogenetic reconstruction within Asteraceae. Using Illumina NovaSeq and Nanopore PromethION platforms, 13.4 Gb and 12 Gb of raw sequencing data were generated, respectively. The mitochondrial genome of E. lindleyanum is a 299,285 bp circular DNA molecule with a GC content of 45.06%, encoding 32 unique protein-coding genes, 17 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. The plastid genome of E. lindleyanum , a typical quadripartite circular structure, is 151,377 bp in length with a GC content of 37.60%, comprising 80 unique protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Codon usage analysis revealed a preference for A or T at the third codon position in mitochondrial genes. The mitochondrial genome contains 73 simple sequence repeats, 31 tandem repeats, 274 dispersed repeats, and 504 predicted RNA editing sites. Additionally, 11,245 bp of homologous sequences were identified between the mitochondrial and plastid genomes, accounting for 3.76% of the mitochondrial genome. Comparative analysis with E. chinense demonstrated significant structural variation within mitochondrial genomes of the Eupatorium genus, highlighting potential evolutionary mechanisms such as gene loss and functional compensation. Phylogenetic reconstruction using mitochondrial genome data further confirmed its utility in resolving evolutionary patterns and relationships, providing complementary insights to traditional plastid-based approaches. Conclusions These findings provide foundational genomic resources for E. lindleyanum , offering critical insights into the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in the genus Eupatorium . This study also contributes to understanding the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental adaptability of E. lindleyanum , paving the way for future research on its genetic and functional diversity.

Eupalinolide J (EJ) is an active component from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. (EL), which was reported to have good antitumor activity via STAT3 and Akt signaling pathways. In this study, we identified Eupalinolide J (EJ) as a potential anti-cancer metastatic agent by target prediction and molecular docking technique screening. Follow-up experiments demonstrated that EJ exhibited a good inhibitory effect on cancer cell metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, and could effectively reduce the expression of STAT3, MMP-2, and MMP-9 proteins in cells, while the knockdown of STAT3 could weaken the inhibitory effect of EJ on cancer cell metastasis. Further molecular biology experiments revealed that EJ promoted STAT3 ubiquitin-dependent degradation, and thus, downregulated the expression of the metastasis-related genes MMP-2 and MMP-9. In conclusion, our study revealed that EJ, a sesquiterpene lactone from EL, could act as a STAT3 degradation agent to inhibit cancer cell metastasis and is expected to be applied in cancer therapy.

A novel benzofuran glycoside, named Eupbenzofuran I (1), was obtained from the n-butanol fraction of Eupatorium chinense L. roots by systematic extraction and fractionation, as well as three known compounds. Its planar structure was fully elucidated by comprehensive NMR spectroscopic data and HRESIMS, while the absolute configuration was determined through comparison of the experimental circular CD spectrum with the calculated ECD data. Pharmacological evaluation revealed that Eupbenzofuran I displayed potent inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and moderate inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with corresponding IC50 values of 26.9 ± 1.2 ng/mL and 15.31 ± 0.16 μg/mL, respectively. Another three known compounds exhibited favorable inhibitory activities against COX-2, all of which were superior to the positive control indomethacin. Molecular docking simulations further confirmed that Eupbenzofuran I had favorable binding affinities with the target proteins involved in COX-2 and AChE inhibition.

Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) pose a significant public health challenge. Addressing this issue, there has been a notable breakthrough in the prevention and mitigation of NCDs through the use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we aim to explore the effectiveness of Eupatorium adenophora Spreng leaves (EASL) as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and its potential applications. To construct a cellular model of oxidative damage and inflammation, Caco-2 cells were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The biocompatibility of EASL-AE with Caco-2 cells was assessed using the MTT assay, while compatibility was further verified by measuring LDH release and the protective effect against oxidative damage was also assessed using the MTT assay. Additionally, we measured intracellular oxidative stress indicators such as ROS and 8-OHdG, as well as inflammatory pathway signalling protein NFκB and inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β using ELISA, to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of EASL-AE. The scavenging capacity of EASL-AE against free radicals was determined through the DPPH Assay and ABTS Assay. Furthermore, we measured the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total polysaccharide contents using common chemical methods. The chemical composition of EASL-AE was analyzed using the LC–MS/MS technique. Our findings demonstrate that EASL-AE is biocompatible with Caco-2 cells and non-toxic at experimental levels. Moreover, EASL-AE exhibits a significant protective effect on Caco-2 cells subjected to oxidative damage. The antioxidant effect of EASL-AE involves the scavenging of intracellular ROS, while its anti-inflammatory effect is achieved by down-regulation of the NFκB pathway. Which in turn reduces the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. Through LC–MS/MS analysis, we identified 222 compounds in EASL-AE, among which gentianic acid, procaine and L-tyrosine were the compounds with high antioxidant capacity and may be the effective constituent for EASL-AE with antioxidant activity. These results suggest that EASL-AE is a natural and high-quality antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomaterial that warrants further investigation. It holds great potential for applications in healthcare and other related fields.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Successful invasion by exotic plant species can modify the abundance and composition of soil microbial communities. Eupatorium adenophora and Chromolaena odorata are exotics that have become highly invasive plants in China. Several studies have investigated mechanisms of their successful invasions including phenotypic plasticity, genetic differentiation, and allelopathy, but little is known about their effects on soil microorganisms. Moreover, whether soil microbial community changes could cause feedback effects on these plant species is also not known. We seek a belowground microbiological mechanism supporting successful invasions by these exotic plants. METHODS: In this study, two invasive (E. adenophora and C. odorata) and two native plant species (Eupatorium japonicum and Eupatorium heterophyllum) were used to compare the soil feedback (on plant growth) before and after soil sterilization and from plant-root exudates. Bacterial and fungal biomass and community composition were also examined. RESULTS: We found that soil sterilization significantly increased biomass of native species and did not affect the invasive species’ biomass. After root exudates from these plants had acted on the soil biota for 10 months, soil sterilization significantly decreased the growth of E. adenophora and C. odorata and continued to significantly increase the biomass of two native species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that these four plant species modified fungal rather than bacterial communities in soil. CONCLUSIONS: Higher abundance of Paraglomus sp. in soil with C. odorata is likely to provide C. odorata roots with more soil nutrients. Considered together, these results strongly suggest that invasive E. adenophora and C. odorata created a belowground feedback that may be a mechanism contributing to their success as invasive species.

The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (E. fortunei) has been widely adopted to treat nausea, diabetes, siriasis, and poor appetite. However, E. fortunei contains multiple pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity of total alkaloids in E. fortunei (EFTAs) and identify the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs on hepatocytes. Liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometry assay with reference standards indicated that EFTAs mainly consisted of eight PAs whose content accounted for 92.38% of EFTAs. EFTAs markedly decreased mouse body and liver weights and increased the contents of AST and ALT. The histopathological assays demonstrated that, after exposition to EFTAs, the structures of hepatocytes were damaged and the fibrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes were accelerated. Moreover, EFTAs increased the serum level of inflammatory cytokines and aggravated circulating oxidative stress. A combination of hepatic proteomics and metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs. The study revealed that EFTAs seriously disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism by upregulating the contents of lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and phosphatidylinositol and downregulating the contents of choline/ethanolamine kinase beta, choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1, phospholipase D4, 1-acylglycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the liver, resulting in detrimental inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. This study revealed that EFTAs induced severe hepatotoxicity by disrupting glycerophospholipid metabolism.

Eupatorium fortunei Turcz, a perennial herb of the Asteraceae family, is one of the horticultural and medicinal plants used for curing various diseases and is widely distributed in China and other Asian countries. It possesses antibacterial, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant properties along with anticancer potential. However, the intrageneric classification and phylogenetic relationships within Eupatorium have long been controversial due to the lack of high-resolution molecular markers, and the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequencing has not been reported with new evolutionary insights. In the present study, E. fortunei was used as an experimental material, and its genome was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. We assembled the complete cp genome, and a systematic analysis was conducted for E. fortunei, acquiring the correspondence of its NCBI accession number (OK545755). The results showed that the cp genome of E. fortunei is a typical tetrad structure with a total length of 152,401 bp, and the genome encodes 133 genes. Analysis of the complete cp genomes of 20 Eupatorieae shows that the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 19 to 36 while the number of long sequence repeats was 50 in all cases. Eleven highly divergent regions were identified and are potentially useful for the DNA barcoding of Eupatorieae. Phylogenetic analysis among 22 species based on protein-coding genes strongly supported that E. fortunei is more closely related to Praxelis clematidea and belongs to the same branch. The genome assembly and analysis of the cp genome of E. fortunei will facilitate the identification, taxonomy, and utilization of E. fortunei as well as provide more accurate evidence for the taxonomic identification and localization of Asteraceae plants.