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Organizational Health Literacy as a supportive tool for the effective implementation of the 2013/59/ EURATOM Directive in Italy
Introduction. Since 2013, European countries have transposed the 2013/59/EURATOM Directive that lays down basic safety standards for protection against dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation. In the years between the issuance of the European Directive and its formal transposition, Italian researchers investigated solutions to renew the technological, educational, and organizational culture in radiology departments. Scope. This article proposed a reflection on the contribution of Organizational Health Literacy (OHL) to implement Legislative Decree 101/2020 in the practice of Italian radiology departments. Results. By implementing OHL principles, examinations with exposure to ionizing radiation and related informative processes could be personalized based on patients’ knowledge, abilities, and competencies, as well as on the services’ provision. These principles can be in fact integrated with the organizational, training, and management requirements set by the Directive.Conclusions. According with the state-of-the-art, decision-makers and health managers could support the application of OHL principles in Italian radiology departments.
Journal Article
An Easily Integrable Industrial System for Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis and Traceability of Stones and Building Materials
In the building material and stones market, lots of restrictions are coming in different world zones. In Europe, a recent regulatory set up the maximum level of radiological emissions for materials intended for use in public and private building structures. For this reason, companies need to have a very efficient radiological measurements system in their production chain, in order to respect all the rules and to be competitive in the world market. This article describes CORSAIR, a Cloud-Oriented Measurement System for Radiological Investigation and Traceability of Stones. Our cyber-physical system consists of sensing nodes network connected to a data collection gateway through LoRaWAN protocol, and interfaces with a centralized cloud application. CORSAIR introduces a fast, repeatable, real-time and non-destructive method to measure radiological emissions and other parameters of each single building material item, uniquely identified by an applied RFID tag. The validity of this system is confirmed by in-situ measurement campaign compared with high-precision laboratory analysis. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the CORSAIR sensor and the possibility to easily integrate it in the company production chain without any change.
Journal Article
An Innovative Tool to Control Occupational Radon Exposure
After smoking, indoor radon is the main contributor to lung cancer in many countries. The European Union (EU) Directive 2013/59/Euratom establishes a maximum reference level of 300 Bq/m3 of radon concentration in the workplace, and an effective dose limit of 20 mSv per year for workers. If the radon concentration in a workplace exceeds the reference level, constructive mitigation applies. When constructive mitigation is not feasible, we propose to keep workers’ effective dose below 6 mSv per year (category B of exposed workers) by controlling occupancy time. Setting the maximum annual dose at 6 mSv protects workers’ health and eases the regulatory requirements for employers. If multisite workers are present, each worker has to be monitored individually by tracking the time spent and the radon concentration at each worksite. This paper shows a software tool for employers to perform this complex tracking in an accurate, conservative, and transparent manner, and in compliance with the EU by-laws.
Journal Article
Radon Survey in Bank Buildings of Campania Region According to the Italian Transposition of Euratom 59/2013
222Rn gas represents the major contributor to human health risk from environmental radiological exposure. In confined spaces radon can accumulate to relatively high levels so that mitigation actions are necessary. The Italian legislation on radiation protection has set a reference value for the activity concentration of radon at 300 Bq/m3. In this study, measurements of the annual radon concentration of 62 bank buildings spread throughout the Campania region (Southern Italy) were carried out. Using devices based on CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors, the 222Rn level was assessed in 136 confined spaces (127 at underground floors and 9 at ground floors) frequented by workers and/or the public. The survey parameters considered in the analysis of the results were: floor types, wall cladding materials, number of openings, door/window opening duration for air exchange. Radon levels were found to be between 17 and 680 Bq/m3, with an average value of 130 Bq/m3 and a standard deviation of 120 Bq/m3. About 7% of the results gave a radon activity concentration above 300 Bq/m3. The analysis showed that the floor level and air exchange have the most significant influence. This study highlighted the importance of the assessment of indoor radon levels for work environments in particular, to protect the workers and public from radon-induced health effects.
Journal Article
CLEANDEM, a Cyber physicaL Equipment for unmAnned Nuclear DEcommissioning Measurements
Human intervention is still required nowadays for most operations conducted during the Dismantling & Decommissioning (D&D) steps, which cover a wide range of radiological conditions: from the harsh initial conditions, nearly identical to when operating, to the final decommissioning steps where radioactivity has been removed. The goal of the three years EU-funded CLEANDEM project, led by CEA List, is to deliver a unique platform which will support the end-users’ operations, from the initial radiological assessment to the final characterization of the facility, while enabling their continuous monitoring during the D&D operations. Ten leading actors from four European countries’ nuclear industry and research, have joined their expertise and efforts in the CLEANDEM consortium to develop a mobile unmanned ground platform (UGV), equipped with upgraded highly-mature detection technologies for 3D-localized radiological measurements. These will complete the facilities’ available data into a 3D and fully detailed Digital Twin of the surveyed area, thus improving the planning and traceability of the D&D operations.
Journal Article
Nuclear Settlers in a European Land? The Making of Centre Commune de Recherche in Ispra
The post-war European integration process faced a new geographical challenge in connection with the establishment of Euratom’s Centre Commune de Recherche (Joint Research Centre; CCR/JRC) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This article outlines the early history of this first effort of “European land-making” by discussing the political, institutional, and anthropic significance of such a particular settlement in relation to the discourse on European identity. After lengthy negotiations within Euratom, it was decided to establish the CCR’s headquarters and main research facilities in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Ispra municipality. More precisely, an already existing Italian nuclear research centre that was still under construction at Ispra in the late 1950s was transferred to Euratom. The article elaborates on the tensions and controversies that resulted in the context of this siting decision, and on the problems and challenges that the Euratom scientists and engineers experienced as “nuclear settlers in a European land.” The article combines documents from the Historical Archives of the European Union and the recollections of former officers and scientists who were active at the research centre.
Journal Article
The Harmonization of Radon Exposure Mitigation for the Sustainability of Buildings: Assessing the Impact of the EURATOM Directive on European Legislation
Radon exposure is a major health concern associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, particularly in smokers, highlighting the need for effective mitigation measures in enclosed spaces by improving indoor air quality (IAQ), thus ensuring more sustainable buildings. The Euratom Directive, a key piece of EU legislation, sets standards for the protection of workers and the general public from ionizing radiation throughout Europe. It requires member states to implement safety measures, set exposure limits, monitor radon levels, and develop emergency plans and mitigation strategies for nuclear accidents and radiation incidents. The directive also sets reference and action levels for indoor radon. The aim of this article is to analyze the legislation on indoor radon exposure in European countries and to evaluate the impact of the directive on the standardization of the action and intervention levels. By conducting a comprehensive legislative review, this study will compare the action levels, assess the directive’s ability to harmonize the regulations, and identify legislative trends and developments. In addition, it will examine the factors contributing to the discrepancies between countries and highlight areas for improvement to ensure adequate protection against the risks of radon exposure and thereby increase the sustainability of buildings.
Journal Article
The current status of radiological clinical audit - an ESR Survey of European National Radiology Societies
The importance of clinical audit in radiological practice is increasingly recognised and undertaking clinical audit “in accordance with national procedures” is mandatory for radiology departments within the European Union following implementation of the Basic Safety Standard Directive (BSSD), 2013/59/Euratom in 2018.This survey, sent to all National Radiological Societies in Europe in 2018, evaluated the current status of clinical audit at national level and supporting infrastructure, and explored the potential for wider co-operation and collaboration in developing and evaluating clinical audit processes.Responses were received from 36/47 (76.6%) National Societies. Broadly responses indicated an increasing awareness of the importance of clinical audit, but highlighted deficiencies in necessary infrastructure and resources required for enhancement and development of existing clinical audit systems. National Societies are well placed, in the context of appropriate and prioritised resource allocation, to collaborate with other European bodies, in particular the European Society of Radiology (ESR), to help lead on these important changes, with the potential to provide external direction.
Journal Article