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"Europe Intellectual life 15th century."
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Before Copernicus : the cultures and contexts of scientific learning in the fifteenth century
\"This collection of essays explores the multi-cultural, multi-religious, and multi-lingual context of learning on the eve of the Copernican revolution. Although Copernicus's work and its influence have been subject to a number of excellent studies, there has been surprisingly little attention paid to Copernicus's sources and the diverse cultures and contexts of learning in which he lived and by which he could have been inspired. Previous authors who have attended to this background have tended to put forth singular and rather narrow explanations of Copernicus's turn to heliocentrism. In contrast, this volume does not seek to provide \"the\" explanation, or even \"an\" explanation, but rather provides the reader with aspects of the complex and surprisingly rich intellectual and scientific world before Copernicus.\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Idiocy and Madness in Princely European Families
[...]many of the niños palaciegos were accorded the role of hombre de placer and were sometimes even called (in the singular) gentel hombre de placer (Tietze-Conrat, 1957), that is, genteel. Others were not able to play any practical functions and might do no more than lend their well-attired, dignified, instructing, and sanctifying presence to the king, queen, or other members of the royal family, especially on public occasions. [...]Prince Carignano (1628–1709) was a deaf-mute, but he had learned to communicate in writing and seemed to have had a good deal of sense. [...]over the centuries, all of Spain had become used to seeing handicapped people in valued court roles. [...]we can contrast the Spanish practice of accepting the mentally impaired heir as the legitimate king, and crowning him Carlos II, with the British practice as late as into the 20th century of hiding away their handicapped heirs to the throne and other members of the royal house in institutions and announcing that they had died.
Journal Article