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60 result(s) for "European Commiss"
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Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Affirmation of the role of the European Commission: the importance of discourse on cohesion
// ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: À partir d'un corpus constitué par les cinq rapports sur la politique de cohésion rédigés par la Commission européenne, l'article, en utilisant les méthodes de l'analyse textuelle, met en lumière la production d'un discours européen sur les territoires qui participe d'un processus d'Institutionnalisation de l'action de la Commission européenne. Les auteurs montrent que si l'institutionnalisation se nourrit de stabilité apparente du discours dans le temps, elle s'accommode également de variations de sens importantes notamment pour ce qui est des deux notions clés des documents étudiés: celle de région et celle de cohésion. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: This article uses textual analysis to study a corpus of the European Commission's five Cohesion Reports. It highlights the production of a European discourse on territories that contributes to the institutionalization of the European Commission's actions. The authors demonstrate that although the institutionalization process is based on the discourse's apparent stability over time, it can also handle major variations in meaning, especially concerning the two key concepts of the documents examined: region and cohesion. Reprinted by permission of Éditions BELIN
How values come to matter at the European Commission
Comment les valeurs comptent à la Commission européenne ? Cet article examine une dimension particulière de cette question en étudiant l’ institutionnalisation de l’éthique à la Commission européenne. En rapport étroit avec la littérature sur l’expertise éthique dans l’élaboration des politiques, qui a mis en exergue de manière critique la « démocratisation » et l’« instrumentalisation » de l’expertise éthique, cet article sonde ses autres effets de reconfiguration. Mobilisant les études de l’expertise ainsi que de la politisation et des politiques de valeurs morales, en considérant des cas précis sur le terrain, il met en évidence les traits et les défis de la « réticulation de l’éthique » au sein de la Commission européenne et d’autres organisations.
The European Parliament, a transmission belt for opponents to the European Commission. Wine producers against the liberalization of planting rights
In 2009 and 2010, the European and French parliaments opposed the European Commission's reform of the European wine policy. Their opposition gained force through a coalition of professional and political agents who took the battle from Brussels to Paris. This article takes an institutional and parliamentary perspective, integrating a public policy angle, in order to understand how political and professional agents act in different institutional spaces. It prepares the ground for understanding the relations between Parliaments and public policies, a subject upon which the current literature still remains limited. //ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: En 2009 puis en 2010, les parlements européen et français se sont prononcés contre une réforme de la politique vitivinicole européenne impulsée par la Commission européenne. Leur opposition successive s'explique par l'apparition en leur sein de coalitions, associant agents professionnels et politiques, qui en ont assuré la transmission interparlementaire de Bruxelles vers Paris. En croisant perspective institutionnelle parlementaire, et analyse des usages des espaces institutionnels par des agents politiques et professionnels, cet article pose quelques jalons permettant de saisir les rapports entre parlements et politiques publiques, ce sur quoi la littérature demeure peu disserte. Reproduced by permission of Bibliothèque de Sciences Po
Faire politique d'un système d'observation de la Terre : l'élaboration du programme européen Copernicus/GMES ( Global monitoring for environment and security )
Cet article propose une nouvelle approche de la structuration technique, organisationnelle et politique des activités spatiales. Tirant parti du modèle des « écologies liées » formulé par Andrew Abbott, il analyse le processus de constitution d’une écologie propre du spatial européen, à partir de l’élaboration du programme d’observation de la Terre Copernicus/GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security). Imaginé à la fin des années 1990 par l’Union européenne (UE), l’Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) et d’autres acteurs institutionnels, ce dernier vise à combiner des recueils de données sur une variété de phénomènes environnementaux et humains au moyen de satellites et de dispositifs d’observation au sol. Avec Galileo (le système de navigation global par satellite), GMES est promu comme outil d’« implémentation » des politiques communautaires et illustre l’ambition stratégique de l’UE de s’affirmer comme puissance spatiale. Nous montrons comment, par le truchement du GMES, les structures se mettent en place d’un spatial européen communautaire, et non plus uniquement intergouvernemental (sous la juridiction de l’ESA). Selon notre perspective, l’enjeu réside dans la compréhension de la division de cette logique qui s’instaure durant les années 2000, et de la délimitation des territoires en résultant : d’un côté, la Commission européenne a en charge la « gouvernance politique » et budgétaire du GMES ; de l’autre, l’ESA dispose des compétences techniques et scientifiques pour mettre en œuvre et déployer les satellites et les segments sol. Les acteurs des écologies du spatial européen et de la politique européenne travaillent ainsi à l’élaboration d’un modus vivendi. Nous analysons comment ces champs d’action sont limités dans le cadre même du règlement inter-écologique. La définition d’un « marché des utilisateurs », qui excèderait les seuls investisseurs publics (soutiens traditionnels du spatial), constitue ici un enjeu politique majeur pour les instances européennes. Au final, c’est une séparation relativement nette des sphères de compétence et d’activité que nous observons dans l’écologie émergente du spatial européen : l’expertise technique, l’exécution administrative et la décision politique interagissent, mais ne se confondent pas dans un cadre d’activité indifférencié. This paper proposes a new approach of the technical, organizational, and political structuring of space activities. Drawing from the “linked ecologies” model theorized by Andrew Abbott, we take the development of the program Copernicus Earth Observation/GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) as an analyzer of the process of establishing a specific European space ecology. Conceived in the late 1990s by the European Union (EU), the European Space Agency (ESA) and other institutional actors, GMES aims at aggregating collections of data on a variety of environmental and human phenomena through satellite and ground observation systems. With Galileo (the global navigation satellite system), GMES is promoted as a tool for “implementation” of EU policies and it illustrates the strategic ambition of the EU to assert itself as a space power. We show how, through GMES, a European space community is being structured, and not only an intergovernmental one (under the jurisdiction of ESA). From our point of view, the challenge lies in understanding the division of labor organized throughout the 2000s, and the resulting territorial demarcations: on one hand, the European Commission is in charge of the “political governance” and the GMES budget; on the other, ESA provides technical and scientific expertise to implement and operate satellites and ground segments. Actors from both the ecologies of the European space community and the European political system invent a modus vivendi . We analyze how these fields of action are limited by and within a specific inter-ecological settlement. Here, the definition of a “market of downstream services” designed to exceed the support of public investors (traditional supporters of space activities) is a major political issue for the European authorities. In the end, we observe a relatively clear separation of these spheres of competence and activity within the boundaries of the emerging European space ecology: the technical, administrative implementation and policy-making practices may interact, but they do not dissolve into an undifferentiated pattern of activity.
Conciliating Public-Private Partnerships in broadband network infrastructures and competition policy requirements
//ABSTRACT IN FRENCH:Le déploiement d'infrastructures de télécommunications à haut et à très haut débit ne peut se faire dans de nombreuses situations sans une implication des collectivités publiques. Celle-ci prend la forme de contrats de partenariat public-privé induisant souvent un soutien financier public à l'entreprise contractante. Ce soutien, couplé avec le monopole de fait conféré tout au long de la durée du contrat, est susceptible d'induire des distorsions de concurrence. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser de quelle façon la Commission européenne contrôle les projets qui lui sont notifiés au titre de l'encadrement des aides publiques et de quelle façon elle impose des conditions de nature à limiter les risques concurrentiels tant dans la décision de contracter dans le cadre d'un partenariat public-privé qu'en matière d'accès des tiers à l'infrastructure ainsi édifiée et exploitée.//ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH:Conciliating public-private partnerships in broadband network infrastructures and competition policy requirementsAn optimal level of investment in broad­band network infrastructures cannot be reached only though market's incentives. If Public-Private Partnerships might be needed to overcome such market failures, they might nevertheless induce two kinds of competition concerns. First, the private contractor will benefit from a monopoly power, as the network is an essential facility. Second, the contract might imply some public grants or other forms of financial support, which would induce some competition distortions. This paper aims at analyzing how the European Commission deals with such concerns in the framework of the mandatory examination of state aids projects. We highlight its criteria to accept such projects and its requirements in terms of third parties access to conciliate the need for government involvement and an undistorted competition. Reproduced by permission of Bibliothèque de Sciences Po
Adieu les artistes, here are the managers » : les réformes managériales au sein de la DG Développement de la Commission européenne
Cet article analyse la réforme managériale de la DG8 (développement) de la Commission européenne entamée dans les années 1990. En replaçant la réforme dans une perspective historique, il l’interprète comme l’aboutissement temporaire d’un long processus de bureaucratisation d’une institution marquée dès ses origines par la prégnance de fonctionnements clientélistes. L’approche suivie relie la sociologie des principaux acteurs de la DG8 et leurs coalitions changeantes aux compétences et instruments successivement mobilisés pour asseoir l’autorité et la légitimité de l’institution et professionnaliser ses mécanismes d’allocation d’aides aux pays d’Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique. L’article met ainsi en évidence les mécanismes d’une bureaucratisation inachevée, rythmée par les élargissements successifs et le souci des nouveaux arrivants de rationaliser ses fonctionnements pour mieux contrôler la DG. The managerial reform of the European Commission's DG Development–formerly DG8–started in the 1990s. Placed in a historical perspective, this reform is seen as the temporary outcome of a long process for bureaucratizing an institution marked, since its origins, by the pervasiveness of patronage. The sociology of the principal parties involved in the DG8 and their changing coalitions are linked to the powers and instruments successively used to establish this institution's authority and legitimacy and to professionalize its procedures for allocating aid to countries in Africa, the Caribbean Basin and the Pacific. Light is shed on this incomplete bureaucratization, punctuated by successive expansions of the EU, as new member-states have sought to rationalize the DG's operations in order to better control it.
Changes in fishing techniques and their consequences
// ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: As techniques are honed, fishermen are adapting to change, since they are well aware that the future of their business depends on their ability to analyze the moving context. Their future also depends on the oceans and marine resources. For several years now, the European Commission has held up the promise of sustainable fishing, based on reducing the bycatch thanks to improving the selectivity of the catch. Fishers are contributing actively to this. A change in techniques comes in hand with a change of mentalities, as reflected in the relations between scientists and fishermen, the latter now seen as sentinels of the sea. French fishermen are very much involved in developing a rational management of halieutical resources. // ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: Les techniques s'affinent et, face aux changements induits, les pêcheurs adaptent leurs comportements, sachant très bien que la pérennité de leur activité dépend de leur capacité à analyser le contexte dans lequel ils évoluent, leur avenir est dépendant de la bonne santé des océans et des ressources de ces derniers. Depuis plusieurs années, la Commission européenne promeut une pêche durable reposant sur une réduction des rejets de poissons rendue possible par la sélectivité des prises, une action à laquelle les pêcheurs apportent une contribution active. Cette évolution des techniques s'est également accompagnée d'une évolution des mentalités qui se reflète dans les relations entre les scientifiques et les pêcheurs, ces derniers étant considérés aujourd'hui comme des sentinelles de la mer. Force est de constater que les pêcheurs français font preuve d'une forte implication dans la mise en place d'une gestion rationnelle de la ressource halieutique. Reproduced by permission of Bibliothèque de Sciences Po
Les présidents de la Commission européenne: entre trajectoires professionnelles et circonstances politiques
The important impact of the international economic crisis on the national European economies led to the strengthening of the role of the European Commission and of its president who started to play a double role by preserving the bureaucratic image while dynamically acting as a spokesman for the European austerity measures. This situation confirms the importance of the personality of the European leaders on the role they play at European level, therefore it would be important for us to study the social and professional background of the EC presidents to understand their role in the European Union's evolution. This research will enable EU specialists to render more important the social dimension of their studies and appreciations on different policymaking styles. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]