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The new European Directive2010/31 is trying to achieve a 20%reduction in greenhouse gas emissionsbellow 1990 levels, and by 30% in theevent of an international agreementbeing. The E.U. has a major goal to reduceour oil dependency and use morerenewable energy, especially in buildingswhere 40% of the total energy consumptiontakes place. The Directive wants toestablish a plan to achieve our goal tocompletely reduce the use of energy inbuildings by 2020. The new buildingsoccupied and owned by public authoritiesmust comply with the proposed regulationby 2018 to serve as an exampleto the private sector. By increasing renewableenergy sources the goal is to reducethe Greenhouse effect since we arealready noticing it in our daily lives andcontinuing being the global and multilateralengine of the policies against theClimate Change.Resumen: La nueva Directiva Comunitaria31/2010 pretende la consecución de una reducciónde los gases de efecto invernadero en un20% con respecto a 1990, que podría incrementarseen un 30% si existe un compromiso internacional.La UE se ha marcado como objetivo lasustitución del empleo de combustibles fósilespor energías renovables y una mayor eficienciaenergética, especialmente en los edificios dondese consume el 40% del total de energía de la UE.Esta Directiva establece la obligatoriedad de losEstados miembros de adoptar políticas y planespara conseguir que los edificios de nueva construcciónsean de consumo de energía nulo en el2020. Los edificios de titularidad pública deberánadelantarse al 2018 en dicho objetivo comopapel ejemplarizante que toda Administracióndebe jugar. Con este paso y con una sustituciónprogresiva del empleo de combustibles fósilespor energías renovables, la UE pretende mitigarlos graves efectos del calentamiento global, queya empezamos a notar en nuestra vida cotidiana,y continuar siendo el motor global y multilateralde las políticas contra el Cambio Climático.

The new European Directive 2010/31 is trying to achieve a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions bellow 1990 levels, and by 30% in the event of an international agreement being. The E.U. has a major goal to reduce our oil dependency and use more renewable energy, especially in buildings where 40% of the total energy consumption takes place. The Directive wants to establish a plan to achieve our goal to completely reduce the use of energy in buildings by 2020. The new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities must comply with the proposed regulation by 2018 to serve as an example to the private sector. By increasing renewable energy sources the goal is to reduce the Greenhouse effect since we are already noticing it in our daily lives and continuing being the global and multilateral engine of the policies against the Climate Change. La nueva Directiva Comunitaria 31/2010 pretende la consecución de una reducción de los gases de efecto invernadero en un 20% con respecto a 1990, que podría incrementarse en un 30% si existe un compromiso internacional. La UE se ha marcado como objetivo la sustitución del empleo de combustibles fósiles por energías renovables y una mayor eficiencia energética, especialmente en los edificios donde se consume el 40% del total de energía de la UE. Esta Directiva establece la obligatoriedad de los Estados miembros de adoptar políticas y planes para conseguir que los edificios de nueva construcción sean de consumo de energía nulo en el 2020. Los edificios de titularidad pública deberán adelantarse al 2018 en dicho objetivo como papel ejemplarizante que toda Administración debe jugar. Con este paso y con una sustitución progresiva del empleo de combustibles fósiles por energías renovables, la UE pretende mitigar los graves efectos del calentamiento global, que ya empezamos a notar en nuestra vida cotidiana, y continuar siendo el motor global y multilateral de las políticas contra el Cambio Climático.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Animal welfare legislation The principles of the 3Rs Alternatives to the use of animals in the development of new medicines Animal models of disease Experimental design Recognition of pain, suffering or ill health in animals used for research Ethical review of in vivo studies Harm/benefit analysis The arguments for and against animal experimentation How you can achieve your potential in in vivo work References Additional resources

In Poland, there are numerous cases of injuries caused by sharp instruments annually, still significantly more than in other European Union countries. The aim of this study was to analyze work-related injuries among healthcare workers in a selected hospital before and after the implementation of safety-engineered devices (SED). Retrospective analysis of medical documentation regarding occupational needlestick and sharps injuries (NSSI) in a tertiary referral surgical hospital in 1998-2018. The study group consisted of nurses and doctors who had been injured and reported the incident. The frequency of injury reports, injury rate, and characterization of circumstances surrounding NSSI are presented. Over the period of 20 years, a total of 257 NSSI incidents were reported. The average injury rate was statistically significant for nurses (p = 0.004) and was higher before the introduction of SED. Moreover, the number of injuries among nurses showed a downward trend during the study period. However, for doctors, there was no statistically significant difference in the median puncture rate (p = 0.099), and the number of injuries showed an increasing trend. In this study, the authors' have demonstrated not only the occurrence of injuries and punctures in the daily work of medical personnel but also the potential for their reduction through the use of safety equipment at every workstation where healthcare services are provided using sharp medical instruments. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(2):234-43.

The multibillion-dollar global antibody industry produces an indispensable resource but that is generated using millions of animals. Despite the irrefutable maturation and availability of animal-friendly affinity reagents (AFAs) employing naïve B lymphocyte or synthetic recombinant technologies expressed by phage display, animal immunisation is still authorised for antibody production. Remarkably, replacement opportunities have been overlooked, despite the enormous potential reduction in animal use. Directive 2010/63/EU requires that animals are not used where alternatives exist. To ensure its implementation, we have engaged in discussions with the EU Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing (EURL ECVAM) and the Directorate General for Environment to carve out an EU-led replacement strategy. Measures must be imposed to avoid outsourcing, regulate commercial production, and ensure that antibody producers are fully supported. Millions of animals are used for the routine production of antibodies for research, monitoring, diagnostics, and therapeutics, although the true magnitude of use is unknown. The EU Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (2010/63/EU) requires that animals are not be used for scientific purposes where a non-animal alternative exists. Animal-friendly affinity reagents (AFAs) from non-immunised sources and produced by phage display are mature and available to replace animal immunisation methods for antibody production. In line with Directive 2010/63/EU, an EU-wide replacement programme must now take precedence. In this Opinion article, we outline recommended actions that must be prioritised.

A significant debate is ongoing on the effectiveness of animal experimentation, due to the increasing reports of failure in the translation of results from preclinical animal experiments to human patients. Scientific, ethical, social and economic considerations linked to the use of animals raise concerns in a variety of societal contributors (regulators, policy makers, non-governmental organisations, industry, etc.). The aim of this study was to record researchers’ voices about their vision on this science evolution, to reconstruct as truthful as possible an image of the reality of health and life science research, by using a key instrument in the hands of the researcher: the experimental models. Hence, we surveyed European-based health and life sciences researchers, to reconstruct and decipher the varying orientations and opinions of this community over these large transformations. In the interest of advancing the public debate and more accurately guide the policy of research, it is important that policy makers, society, scientists and all stakeholders (1) mature as comprehensive as possible an understanding of the researchers’ perspectives on the selection and establishment of the experimental models, and (2) that researchers publicly share the research community opinions regarding the external factors influencing their professional work. Our results highlighted a general homogeneity of answers from the 117 respondents. However, some discrepancies on specific key issues and topics were registered in the subgroups. These recorded divergent views might prove useful to policy makers and regulators to calibrate their agenda and shape the future of the European health and life science research. Overall, the results of this pilot study highlight the need of a continuous, open and broad discussion between researchers and science policy stakeholders.

Monitoring of biodiversity at the level of habitats is becoming increasingly common. Here we describe current practices in habitat monitoring based on 150 schemes in Europe. Most schemes were initiated after 1990 in response to EU nature directives or habitat management/restoration actions, with funding mostly from European or national sources. Schemes usually monitor both the spatial distribution and the quality of the habitats, and they frequently collect data on environmental parameters and potential causes of changes. Many schemes are local or regional rather than national or international in scope, and sampling effort varies greatly across spatial and temporal scales. Experimental design is used in half of the schemes, however, data are rarely analysed by advanced statistics. Most schemes require two months or less per year in manpower and are typically run by professionals rather than by volunteers. Estimated salaries plus equipment costs average 650,000 Euro per year per scheme, and add up to 80 million Euros annually. Costs are particularly high for schemes based on European or international law and for schemes funded by European or national sources. Costs are also high in schemes in which sampling sites are selected subjectively rather than based on sampling theory, and in schemes that do not use field mapping or remote sensing to document spatial variation in habitats. Our survey demonstrates promising developments in European habitat monitoring but also underlines the need for better spatial coverage, documentation of spatial variaton, improved sampling design and advanced data analysis. Such improvements are essential if we are to judge progress towards the 2010 biodiversity targets.

Cephalopods are the sole invertebrates included in the list of regulated species following the Directive 2010/63/EU. According to the Directive, achieving competence through adequate training is a requisite for people having a role in the different functions (article 23) as such carrying out procedures on animals, designing procedures and projects, taking care of animals, killing animals. Cephalopod Biology and Care Training Program is specifically designed to comply with the requirements of the “working document on the development of a common education and training framework to fulfil the requirements under the Directive 2010/63/EU”. The training event occurred at the ICM-CSIC in Barcelona (Spain) where people coming from Europe, America and Asia were instructed on how to cope with regulations for the use of cephalopod molluscs for scientific purposes. The training encompasses discussion on the guidelines for the use and care of animals and their welfare with particular reference to procedures that may be of interest for neuroscience. Intensive discussion has been carried out during the training sessions with focus on behavioural studies and paradigms, welfare assessment, levels of severity of scientific procedures, animal care, handling, transport, individual identification and marking, substance administration, anaesthesia, analgesia and humane killing.

This paper provides an overview of activities of the European Commission for establishing a single European maritime transport space and indicates whether and to what extent the adopted strategy documents have established their operations in practice. Directive 2010/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on reporting formalities for ships arriving in and/or departing from ports of the Member States and repealing Directive 2002/6/ EC, as well as Directive 2002/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the Community vessel traffic monitoring and information system, which represent significant legislative achievements of the European Union in the process of reducing administrative burdens to which ships are exposed in the maritime transport, are particularly analyzed. Reasons for amending Directive 2002/59/EC are especially explained. In the last part of the paper, authors review the achievements of the Republic of Croatia regarding the implementation of measures for the establishment of a single European maritime transport space. Based on the results of a comparative overview of solutions contained in the Directives and Croatian bylaws, authors point to the existence of non-compliance and to the need for further action.

The Decision on Criteria and Methodological Standards on Good Environmental Status of Marine Waters provides the conceptual framework for the assessment and valuation of the marine waters of EU Member States. In particular, it provides concepts for defining what constitutes good marine environmental status – a status which Member States are obligated to achieve by the year 2020 under the 2008 Marine Strategy Framework Directive. This article aims to elucidate the epistemic and normative dimensions of scientific criteria and methodological standards, as well as their importance in the legal treatment of the marine environment of the EU. The article also assesses how and to what extent the transnational process leading up to the Decision was structured, surveying existing ideas and perspectives as to what exactly constitutes good environmental status, and examining whether the structure of the Decision ensures that those affected by it would want to accept it.