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With the increasing market features of globalization, service and customization, the way manufacturers conduct manufacturing business is changing. Under this background, Cloud Manufacturing (CMfg) emerges as a new networked manufacturing model. However, CMfg is immature in many aspects, especially in exception handling of service composition execution. Due to the complexity of the enterprise manufacturing process, there are a large number of unpredictable abnormal events in the dynamic open cloud manufacturing environment (such as user demand change, machine failure, etc.), so in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the service combination, it is indispensable to establish an effective service exception handling mechanism in CMfg. Moreover, when an exception occurs, in order to ensure the smooth execution of the downstream services after the exception point, the exception handling must satisfy the strict time constraints. To realize the exception-handing of service-composition with the strict deadline or strict time constraints, this paper proposes a service-composition exception adaptive adjustment model, considering the influences of the logistics transferring time and cost. And the occupied time of the cloud services and the valid replacement time range of the exception service are considered as the constraints in this model. In addition, the processing quality, the cost, and the quality of service are set as the optimal objectives. On the above basis, a service-composition exception handling adaptive adjustment (SCEHAA) algorithm based on the improved ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) is proposed and applied to address the above model. Finally, to validate the performance of SCEHAA, a case study and the comparison experiment between SCEHAA and other algorithms (Particle Swarm Optimization and Artificial Bee Colony) are performed. The results show that the SCEHAA algorithm can perform the adaptive adjustment of the service-composition with strict time limit effectively, through the adaptive service execution path reconfiguration and has fast convergence effects.

This article offers insight from psychological science into whether models of diversity (e.g., color blindness and multiculturalism) remedy or foster discrimination and racism. First, we focus on implications of a color-blind model. Here, the literature suggests that while color blindness appeals to some individuals, it can decrease individuals’ sensitivity to racism and discrimination. Furthermore, the literature suggests that, with some exceptions, color blindness has negative implications for interracial interactions, minorities’ perceptions and outcomes, and the pursuit of diversity and inclusion in organizational contexts. Second, we examine circumstances under which a multicultural approach yields positive or negative implications for interracial interactions, organizational diversity efforts, and discrimination. The research reviewed coalesces to suggest that while multiculturalism generally has more positive implications for people of color, both models have the potential to further inequality.

The dyadic rule–exception structure common to many legal systems has posed particular interpretive difficulties in international trade and investment law. Adjudicators have interpreted general and security exceptions in GATT, GATS and cognate provisions of investment treaties in divergent ways, and the analytic character of these provisions is under-theorised in the literature. This article argues that we should understand exceptions from a deontological perspective as permissions that affirm governmental regulatory capacity and thus limit the scope of the commands set out in the treaty. This characterisation of exceptions has both symbolic and practical implications, of which this article discusses two: determining the exception's applicability as a preliminary matter rather than as a defence, which would in turn permit consideration of regulatory purpose at the point of obligation; and whether the applicability of an exception is properly a question of merits or jurisdiction.

Social scientists often study the flow of material and social support as generalized exchange systems. These systems are associated with an array of benefits to groups and communities, but their existence is problematic, because individuals may be motivated to take from the system without giving back to it. Researchers have identified two broad processes governing prosociality in generalized exchange systems: generalized reciprocity (a person who receives help from someone pays it forward by helping a third person) and indirect reciprocity (a person who helps another establishes a prosocial reputation and, as a consequence, later receives help from a third person). Although generalized exchange systems can be based on either process, generalized and indirect reciprocity are based on different mechanisms and, with few exceptions, have been investigated independently. Here we present an integrated approach to generalized exchange that (1) specifies when each process is most likely to promote prosocial behavior, (2) details the implications for resource inequalities in generalized exchange systems, and (3) describes how generalized and indirect reciprocity jointly influence prosocial behavior. Results from four new experiments strongly support the theoretical arguments.

Even between 2005 and 2013, the number of significantly improved cases (10) exceeded the number of significant dec liners (8). [...]most of the significant declines occurred not in democracies but in regimes that were already authoritarian, such as the Central African Republic, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Jordan. Yet with a few short-lived exceptions (e.g., Peru 1992-2000), the democracies that emerged in South America and Central Europe have now survived for a quarter-century or more. [...]they survived despite severe economic crises and radical economic reforms that many scholars believed were incompatible with democracy.

The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) are a widely used family of parent-report instruments for easy and inexpensive data-gathering about early language acquisition. CDI data have been used to explore a variety of theoretically important topics, but, with few exceptions, researchers have had to rely on data collected in their own lab. In this paper, we remedy this issue by presenting Wordbank, a structured database of CDI data combined with a browsable web interface. Wordbank archives CDI data across languages and labs, providing a resource for researchers interested in early language, as well as a platform for novel analyses. The site allows interactive exploration of patterns of vocabulary growth at the level of both individual children and particular words. We also introduce wordbankr, a software package for connecting to the database directly. Together, these tools extend the abilities of students and researchers to explore quantitative trends in vocabulary development.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unprecedented rise in mortality that translated into life expectancy losses around the world, with only a few exceptions. We estimate life expectancy changes in 29 countries since 2020 (including most of Europe, the United States and Chile), attribute them to mortality changes by age group and compare them with historic life expectancy shocks. Our results show divergence in mortality impacts of the pandemic in 2021. While countries in western Europe experienced bounce backs from life expectancy losses of 2020, eastern Europe and the United States witnessed sustained and substantial life expectancy deficits. Life expectancy deficits during fall/winter 2021 among people ages 60+ and <60 were negatively correlated with measures of vaccination uptake across countries (r60+ = −0.86; two-tailed P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, −0.94 to −0.69; r<60 = −0.74; two-tailed P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, −0.88 to −0.46). In contrast to 2020, the age profile of excess mortality in 2021 was younger, with those in under-80 age groups contributing more to life expectancy losses. However, even in 2021, registered COVID-19 deaths continued to account for most life expectancy losses.In 2021, life expectancies returned to pre-pandemic levels in parts of western Europe but further worsened in eastern Europe, the United States and Chile. Life expectancy deficits were negatively correlated with vaccine uptake in later 2021.

A recent trend can be seen in jurisprudence concerning the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, at least in the Australasia/Pacific region. Courts are now more mindful of the abducted child in particular and will investigate the true impacts of returning the child to determine what is in their best interests, particularly in cases of domestic violence. This is a departure from the long-standing emphasis on returning abducted children promptly to their country of habitual residence, after which the courts of that country will make the final decision, because it is generally in the best interests of children to deter child abduction. This article compares various jurisdictions’ approaches with the lens of whether the courts are preferring the particular child over the ‘theoretical’ child.

Aiming at the problem of strong pertinence and poor universality of existing binary vulnerability detection methods, binary vulnerability automatic mining method based on control flow integrity detection is proposed. In view of the common binary vulnerabilities, such as stack overflow, heap overflow, function pointer tampering, structured exception handling attacks and so on, they can be unified and abstracted to destroy the integrity of control flow. This method first obtains all legitimate control flow transfers through static binary analysis, then uses symbol execution engine to explore all feasible paths, and injects constraints at control flow transfers. Finally, by solving constraints to determine whether there is a vulnerability that destroys the integrity of control flow. If there is, it automatically generates input that can trigger vulnerabilities.

Focusing on the initial stage of foreign market selection (i.e., narrowing a set of potential countries from which to make a final choice), we theorize that manager’s country familiarity influences both the decision-making process and outcome. We hypothesize that with increasing country familiarity, (a) manager investment of cognitive effort (process) first increases and then decreases, and (b) the likelihood of a country being included for further consideration (outcome) also increases and then decreases. We further hypothesize that the effects of country familiarity are contingent on the managers’ international experience. Empirical evidence from verbal protocol analyses of managers provides strong support to our arguments. These findings contribute to the emergent literature on the critical role of cognition in decision making about foreign markets. Manager cognition potentially influences sequential/non-sequential entry decision making, possibly explaining some previously observed exceptions to internationalization process theory. The contingent role of international experience further stresses that the influence of cognition in internationalization decision making is both important and complex, involving, at least, innate cognitive processes, idiosyncratic knowledge, and international experience. We discuss the theoretical implications, along with practice implications, of country familiarity and intuitive decision making in foreign market selection.