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"Exercise training"
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Exercise intensity matters: A review on evaluating the effects of aerobic exercise intensity on muscle‐derived neuroprotective myokines
Exercise as a medical intervention is effective to help prevent and manage many chronic and complex diseases, including dementia. There is evidence to suggest that regular aerobic exercise protects against age‐related brain atrophy and reduces the risk of cognitive decline. The mechanisms by which exercise infers a neuroprotective effect remain to be established but may be related to a maintenance of brain volume and neuronal survival, improved cerebrovascular density and function, and/or increased synaptic plasticity. In addition, there is growing evidence to suggest the beneficial effects of exercise on brain health and cognitive function are, at least in part, mediated by factors released by skeletal muscle during contraction. The fact that the brain responds to exercise suggests that muscle‐derived peripheral factors, or “myokines,” may play a key role in muscle–brain crosstalk and exercise neuroprotection. However, the most effective “dose” of aerobic exercise to promote beneficial changes in these myokine pathways is currently unknown. Specifically, most of the evidence to date is from studies that have used moderate‐intensity exercise, and research investigating the merit of high‐intensity exercise is scarce. Considering the well‐established role of high‐intensity interval training in protecting against numerous medical conditions, more research is needed to identify the most effective “dose” of exercise to improve the beneficial effects of these myokines. Highlights Neuroprotection through exercise: Regular aerobic exercise mitigates age‐related brain atrophy and cognitive decline via multiple mechanisms, including brain volume maintenance, improved cerebrovascular function, and synaptic plasticity. Myokines as mediators: Muscle‐derived factors (myokines) play a crucial role in muscle–brain crosstalk, significantly contributing to the neuroprotective effects of exercise. Intensity matters: The review underscores the necessity to define and study exercise intensity, revealing high‐intensity exercise may be as effective, if not more, in promoting neuroprotective myokine levels compared to moderate‐intensity exercise. Future research directions: This review emphasizes the need for well‐controlled studies to explore the optimal exercise dose for enhancing myokine pathways and their implications for neurodegenerative disease prevention.
Journal Article
Exercise Training in Elderly Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review
Due to the aging of the population, in 70% of cases, a new cancer diagnosis equals a cancer diagnosis in a geriatric patient. In this population, beyond the concept of mortality and morbidity, functional capacity, disability, and quality of life remain crucial. In fact, when the functional status is preserved, the pathogenetic curve towards disability will stop or even regress. The present systematic review investigated the effectiveness of physical exercise, as part of a holistic assessment of the patient, for preventing disability and improving the patient’s quality of life, and partially reducing all-cause mortality. This evidence must point towards decentralization of care by implementing the development of rehabilitation programs for elderly cancer patients either before or after anti-cancer therapy.
Journal Article
Feasibility of Exercise Training for the Short-Term Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Background: Exercise training may be especially helpful for patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We conducted a randomized controlled trial to quantify the effects of 6 weeks of resistance (RET) or aerobic exercise training (AET) on remission and worry symptoms among sedentary patients with GAD. Methods: Thirty sedentary women aged 18–37 years, diagnosed by clinicians blinded to treatment allocation with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of GAD and not engaged in any treatment other than pharmacotherapy, were randomly allocated to RET, AET, or a wait list (WL). RET involved 2 weekly sessions of lower-body weightlifting. AET involved 2 weekly sessions of leg cycling matched with RET for body region, positive work, time actively engaged in exercise, and load progression. Remission was measured by the number needed to treat (NNT). Worry symptoms were measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Results: There were no adverse events. Remission rates were 60%, 40%, and 30% for RET, AET, and WL, respectively. The NNT was 3 (95% CI 2 to 56) for RET and 10 (95% CI –7 to 3) for AET. A significant condition-by-time interaction was found for worry symptoms. A follow-up contrast showed significant reductions in worry symptoms for combined exercise conditions versus the WL. Conclusions: Exercise training, including RET, is a feasible, low-risk treatment that can potentially reduce worry symptoms among GAD patients and may be an effective adjuvant, short-term treatment or augmentation for GAD. Preliminary findings warrant further investigation.
Journal Article
Exercise and exercise training‐induced increase in autophagy markers in human skeletal muscle
Moderately trained male subjects (mean age 25 years; range 19–33 years) completed an 8‐week exercise training intervention consisting of continuous moderate cycling at 157 ± 20 W for 60 min (MOD; n = 6) or continuous moderate cycling (157 ± 20 W) interspersed by 30‐sec sprints (473 ± 79 W) every 10 min (SPRINT; n = 6) 3 days per week. Sprints were followed by 3:24 min at 102 ± 17 W to match the total work between protocols. A muscle biopsy was obtained before, immediately and 2 h after the first training session as well as at rest after the training session. In both MOD and SPRINT, skeletal muscle AMPKThr172 and ULKSer317 phosphorylation was elevated immediately after exercise, whereas mTORSer2448 and ULKSer757 phosphorylation was unchanged. Two hours after exercise LC3I, LC3II and BNIP3 protein content was overall higher than before exercise with no change in p62 protein. In MOD, Beclin1 protein content was higher immediately and 2 h after exercise than before exercise, while there were no differences within SPRINT. Oxphos complex I, LC3I, BNIP3 and Parkin protein content was higher after the training intervention than before in both groups, while there was no difference in LC3II and p62 protein. Beclin1 protein content was higher after the exercise training intervention only in MOD. Together this suggests that exercise increases markers of autophagy in human skeletal muscle within the first 2 h of recovery and 8 weeks of exercise training increases the capacity for autophagy and mitophagy regulation. Hence, the present findings provide evidence that exercise and exercise training regulate autophagy in human skeletal muscle and that this in general was unaffected by interspersed sprint bouts. A single exercise bout seems to increase autophagosome number, and exercise training seems to increase the capacity for autophagy and mitophagy regulation in human skeletal muscle. In addition, the present findings provide evidence that these effects are unaffected by interspersed sprint bouts, although regulation of some autophagy markers appear to be inhibited by short lasting high‐intensity bouts.
Journal Article
Freeweight training anatomy : an illustrated guide to the muscles used while exercising with dumbbells, barbells, kettlebells and more
\"Picturing hundreds of step-by-step exercises and clearly colored muscle illustrations, Freeweight Training Anatomy reveals precisely which muscle groups are being built, stretched and sculpted in every workout. This extensive anatomy and fitness guide is the ultimate resource for creating smart, balanced fitness routines that employ barbells, dumbbells, kettlebells, sandbags and even your own bodyweight.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Exercise training in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy: a pilot study
Purpose
This pilot study aimed to investigate the feasibility of two different training programs in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy. Potential effects of training programs on the patients’ quality of life, physical performance, physical activity in daily living, and biological parameters were exploratorily evaluated.
Methods
Patients were randomly assigned to a resistance (RET) and aerobic exercise training group (AET). Both underwent supervised training sessions twice a week for 12 weeks. RET was performed at 60–80 % of the one-repetition maximum and consisted of 2–3 sets of 15–25 repetitions. The AET group performed endurance training at 60–80 % of their predetermined pulse rate (for 10 to 30 min).
Results
A total of 26 gastrointestinal cancer patients could be randomized. Twenty-one patients completed the 12 weeks of intervention. The median adherence rate to exercise training of all 26 patients was 65 %, while in patients who were able to complete 12 weeks, adherence was 75 %. The fatigue score of all patients decreased from 66 to 43 post-intervention. Sleeping duration increased in both groups and muscular strength increased in the RET group. A higher number of steps in daily living was associated with higher levels of physical and social functioning as well as lower scores for pain and fatigue.
Conclusion
RET and AET are feasible in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy. Both training programs seem to improve cancer-related symptoms as well as the patient’s physical activities of daily living.
Journal Article