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"Exhaust emissions"
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Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle
Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.
Journal Article
Will sustainability fly? : aviation fuel options in a low-carbon world
\"While international negotiations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been less than satisfactory, there is a presumption that a significant level of multi-lateral commitment will be realized at some point. International air and marine travel have been left to one side in past talks because the pursuit of agreement proceeds on the basis of commitment by sovereign nations and the effects of these specific commercial activities are, by their nature, difficult to corral and assign to specific national jurisdictions. However, air travel is increasing and, unless something is done, emissions from this segment of our world economy will form a progressively larger percentage of the total, especially as emissions fall in other activities.\" -- Provided by publisher.
Book
A review on the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engines fueled with biodiesel blends
Biodiesels have gained much popularity because they are cleaner alternative fuels and they can be used directly in diesel engines without modifications. In this paper, a brief review of the key studies pertaining to the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engines fueled with biodiesel blends, exhaust aftertreatment systems, and low-temperature combustion technology is presented. In general, most biodiesel blends result in a significant decrease in carbon monoxide and total unburned hydrocarbon emissions. There is also a decrease in carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and total unburned hydrocarbon emissions while the engine performance increases for diesel engines fueled with biodiesels blended with nano-additives. The development of automotive technologies, such as exhaust gas recirculation systems and low-temperature combustion technology, also improves the thermal efficiency of diesel engines and reduces nitrogen oxide and particulate matter emissions.
Journal Article
Modelling of Manhattan K-Nearest Neighbor for Exhaust Emission Analysis of CNG-Diesel Engine
Hybrid fuel for the operation of diesel engine is the motivated research in this study. The diesel engine is modified to operate with the hybrid diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine is considered to operate at variable load and speed. At is operation condition the emission characteristics are measured to model the proposed Manhattan K-nearest neighbor (MKNN) technique. The MKNN is modelled to effectively analysis and predict the torque, brake power, exhaust emissions and break specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The MKNN is modelled with the constant K=3 and applied Manhattan distance formula for neighbor determination. From the result analysis it is evident that the proposed MKNN technique can effectively predict the engine performance and exhaust emission while the usage of hybrid fuel.
Journal Article
Laboratory and on-road testing for brake wear particle emissions: a review
Brake wear emission is a significant contributor to vehicle-related particulate matter, especially in areas with high traffic density and braking frequency. Only recently, non-exhaust emissions from car brake wear have been regulated under Euro 7 regulation, which introduces emission limits for both brake and tires. It also introduces a standard brake particle assessment procedure which includes sampling procedure and measurement techniques defined in the Global Technical Regulation on brakes from light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t. Over the years, various experimental setups have been tried leading to non-comparable results. The brake wear particle emissions, expressed as emission factors, are mostly estimated as particle mass or particle number and described using different units (e.g., mg/stop brake, mg/km brake; particle number/cm
3
) making the comparison between studies very difficult. The aim of the present literature review is to present the state-of-the-art of different experimental methods tuned for assessing brake wear emissions, including electric vehicles. The experiments are carried in close, semi-closed, and open systems, and depending on the experimental design, different sampling methods are applied to reduce particle transport loss and guarantee the efficiency of the particle sampling. Driving condition (e.g., speed and applied pressure), formulation of brake materials, and friction temperature have been found to strongly affect the emission characteristics of brake particles, and this needs to be considered when designing study procedures. The findings reported in this review can be beneficial to policy makers and researchers.
Journal Article
Particulate Matter Emission and Air Pollution Reduction by Applying Variable Systems in Tribologically Optimized Diesel Engines for Vehicles in Road Traffic
Regardless of the increasingly intensive application of vehicles with electric drives, internal combustion engines are still dominant as power units of mobile systems in various sectors of the economy. In order to reduce the emission of exhaust gases and satisfy legal regulations, as a temporary solution, hybrid drives with optimized internal combustion engines and their associated systems are increasingly being used. Application of the variable compression ratio and diesel fuel injection timing, as well as the tribological optimization of parts, contribute to the reduction in fuel consumption, partly due to the reduction in mechanical losses, which, according to test results, also results in the reduction in emissions. This manuscript presents the results of diesel engine testing on a test bench in laboratory conditions at different operating modes (compression ratio, fuel injection timing, engine speed, and load), which were processed using a zero-dimensional model of the combustion process. The test results should contribute to the optimization of the combustion process from the aspect of minimal particulate matter emission. As a special contribution, the results of tribological tests of materials for strengthening the sliding surface of the aluminum alloy piston and cylinder of the internal combustion engine and air compressors, which were obtained using a tribometer, are presented. In this way, tribological optimization should also contribute to the reduction in particulate matter emissions due to the reduction in fuel consumption, and thus emissions due to the reduction in friction, as well as the recorded reduction in the wear of materials that are in sliding contact. In this way, it contributes to the reduction in harmful gases in the air.
Journal Article
Estimation of Non-exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transportation in Indian States
Non-exhaust emission sources such as tyre wear, brake wear, and road dust resuspension contribute to particulate matter emissions, which are often overlooked. In this study, the non-exhaust PM emissions (PM
2.5
and PM
10
) from the sources were estimated for the ten high vehicle-populated states in India using state-level vehicle activity, meteorological inputs, and established emission factors. However, due to lack of local data, the study takes into account international emission factors, which is a methodological limitation. The results revealed that PM
2.5
and PM
10
emissions from road dust resuspension were higher than those from tyre wear and brake wear. Furthermore, light-duty vehicles were found to be the dominant contributors as compared to heavy-duty vehicles. The influence of meteorological factors on road dust resuspension was also examined, showing that humidity reduces dust emissions, whereas hotter and drier weather conditions increase resuspension. The main source of variability was found to be resuspension inputs (activity and meteorological data), according to a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis that used Monte Carlo simulations to provide 95% confidence intervals. A comparison of estimated non-exhaust emissions with exhaust emissions from vehicles indicates that PM emissions from non-exhaust sources often exceed those from exhaust sources. To mitigate the adverse impacts of particulate matter pollution from non-exhaust sources, this study highlights the need for targeted strategies, especially region-specific dust control measures, better road maintenance, and standards for low-wear tyres and brake materials. Future work on in-situ PM monitoring, field validation, and health impact assessments is also advised.
Highlights
Non-exhaust particulate matter emissions from road transport in Indian States.
Road dust resuspension is the dominant contributor.
Meteorology plays a prevailing role in road dust and resuspension.
Season-specific policy actions are required for control of emissions.
Journal Article
Diesel Emissions and Their Control, 2nd Edition
An indispensable reference for engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduce emissions and advance diesel engine technology. With the industry evolving rapidly, we ensure that readers are well-informed about the most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing a competitive edge in their respective fields.
eBook