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Objectives The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a popular self-report instrument for mindfulness assessment. However, several studies report mixed evidence regarding its reliability and validity. While recent replication studies have shown several issues regarding its latent structure, first-order facets seemed to replicate successfully. This study proposes an exploratory approach to these facets on an item level in one sample, with cross-validation in another sample. Methods Using a snowball sampling, 1008 participants were recruited in the first sample. Psychometric networks were applied to explore relations between items and item clusters. We compared these exploratory latent variable proposals with previous literature. A second sample of 1210 participants was collected from an FFMQ validation study, and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to cross-validate findings on the first sample. Results The FFMQ showed a positively correlated network. Exploratory analyses suggested the 5-facet structure as stable with alternatives of 4-facet (merging Observe and Non-Judging) and 6-facet (splitting Acting with Awareness in two) solutions. However, the CFAs in the second sample did not provide clear support to any solution. Conclusions The FFMQ showed unclear evidence on its latent structure. We propose researchers and users of the FFMQ to use the most fitting solution between the 5 and 6-facet solutions in their data, since the 4-facet solution is difficult to interpret. We also propose cautionary notes and guidelines for researchers and applied users of the FFMQ and regarding this instrument. We conclude that more research is needed in mindfulness assessment to provide robust measurements.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is an extensively used questionnaire to measure emotion regulation both in clinical and research practice but its length represents a limitation. This research aims to validate the Italian version of the DERS-SF (IT-DERS-SF) in a large sample from the general population. In Study 1 (N = 2222), exploratory graph analysis (EGA), was used to examine item clustering across hypothesized dimensions. In Study 2 (N = 4543), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), measurement invariance across age and gender were conducted together with a deep investigation of psychometric properties. Study 1 suggested that the EGA correctly identified the six hypothesized dimensions Study 2 showed that the DERS-SF provided good fit indexes (CFI = 0.957, RMSEA = 0.060; 90%CI[0.058, 0.063], SRMR = 0.056), it is invariant between groups, and showed good psychometric properties. Findings demonstrates the goodness of the IT-DERS-SF for research and clinical purposes, with useful normative scores provided. Fruitful implications are discussed for both methodological and clinical practice. In conclusion, the IT-DERS-SF is a brief and accurate tool suitable for inclusion in assessment batteries; it is useful to assess emotion regulation difficulties shared across several psychological difficulties, and may inform interventions to improve psychological health.

This study proposes a procedure for substantive dimensionality estimation in the presence of wording effects, the inconsistent response to regular and reversed self-report items. The procedure developed consists of subtracting an approximate estimate of the wording effects variance from the sample correlation matrix and then estimating the substantive dimensionality on the residual correlation matrix. This is achieved by estimating a random intercept factor with unit loadings for all the regular and unrecoded reversed items. The accuracy of the procedure was evaluated through an extensive simulation study that manipulated nine relevant variables and employed the exploratory graph analysis (EGA) and parallel analysis (PA) retention methods. The results indicated that combining the proposed procedure with EGA or PA achieved high accuracy in estimating the substantive latent dimensionality, but that EGA was superior. Additionally, the present findings shed light on the complex ways that wording effects impact the dimensionality estimates when the response bias in the data is ignored. A tutorial on substantive dimensionality estimation with the R package EGAnet is offered, as well as practical guidelines for applied researchers.

Objective To employ a novel analytic method—namely, exploratory graph analysis (EGA)—to subclinical attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait scores in order to reveal their dimensional structure, as well as compare EGA's performance with traditional factor‐analytic techniques in doing so. Method 1149 respondents from a survey panel completed the ASRS, a common ADHD scale made up of 18 distinct trait measures. EGA and factor analysis were applied to identify traits which associate with each other. Results EGA revealed 3 distinct communities, and ruled out a 2‐community structure. This was in contrast to the 2‐factor structure suggested by the factor analysis, and the conventional division of ADHD into two subdimensions (hyperactivity and inattention). Conclusion A dimensional structure of three clusters (hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention) may better reflect the traits underlying ADHD. EGA has benefits in terms of both analytic approach and interpretability of findings.

IntroductionPsychopathological symptoms and cognitive impairment are core features of patients with psychotic disorders. Executive dysfunctions are within the most commonly observed deficits and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the test most extensively used for their assessment. Yet, the structure of executive deficits remains unclear, as there may be different underlying processes.ObjectivesThe study’s aims were to explore and compare the network structure of the WCST measures in psychosis and their unaffected siblings.MethodsSubjects were 298 patients with a DSM 5 diagnosis of psychotic disorder and 89 of their healthy siblings. The dimensionality and network structure of the 13 WCST measures were examined by means of the Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) and centrality parameters.ResultsThe WCST network structure comprised 4 dimensions: Perseveration (PER), Inefficient sorting (IS), Failure to maintain set (FMS) and Learning (LNG). Patient and sibling groups showed a similar network structure and in both cases the network structure was reliably estimated.ConclusionsPerseveration measures reflect the inability to switch sorting rules when necessary. Scores for the IS dimension can occur when the subject ineffectively tries to test different sorting hypotheses, changing at random the response. FMS reflects the subject’s strategy when he/she is able to find out the sorting rule, but is unable to keep applying that rule long enough. LNG comprised conceptual ability and learning items. The lack of significant difference between network structures is in keeping with results from exploratory and confirmatory studies demonstrating an invariant cognitive factor structure between schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings.

The aim of the current study was to investigate how problematic online gaming, problematic online gambling, problematic online shopping, problematic online pornography use, and problematic online social networking are associated with each other in bivariate and multivariate, network analytic analyses in an international gamer population. The effective sample comprised 4,416 gamers (age M = 23.31, SD = 6.72; 94% male). Participants filled out the specific problematic Internet use scales on gaming, gambling, shopping, pornography, and social networking. The results showed that problematic online gaming yielded small-to-medium positive bivariate correlations with other problematic behaviors. However, the exploratory graph analysis showed that all Internet-based problematic behaviors were separate entities. Finally, problematic online gaming yielded the highest scores, followed by problematic online social networking, gambling, and pornography. While gaming was the most prevalent Internet-based problematic behavior among gamers, the results further suggested that the other Internet-based problematic behaviors investigated may co-occur despite being considered separate entities.

The rubber hand illusion is a well-known experiment that allows manipulation of one's own body experience. The original questionnaire gauges both the illusion experience and unforeseen experiences acting as control statements. In particular, two statements pertain to the referral of touch originating from the rubber hand (RoT), and one concerns the feeling of ownership of the rubber hand (SoO). Despite its prominence, the rubber hand illusion questionnaire has not undergone thorough examination of its psychometric properties. The literature reveals a tendency to use RoT and SoO statements interchangeably. In this study, we employed Exploratory Graph Analysis to explore the item structure and compared the correlation between SoO and RoT items in various conditions. While SoO and RoT are closely linked, our findings suggest potential separation. SoO and RoT statements consistently correlate, yet hints emerge that RoT might represent a distinct facet of the illusion. Correlations diminish beyond the perihand space, indicating a nuanced relationship. Additionally, moderate relationships between control statements and those measuring the illusion suggest that even control statements are modulated by the illusion experience. This study underscores the need for further exploration into the psychometric properties of body illusion questionnaires, prompting reflections on the interpretation in light of these results.

Background The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18 (TFEQ-R-18) is an extensively used questionnaire to measure three transdiagnostic features of eating behavior: cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Objective This research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the TFEQ-R-18 in three large community samples. Method Cross-sectional research designs were employed. In Study 1 ( N  = 537), an exploratory graph analysis (EGA) was used to examine item clustering within the TFEQ-R-18. In Study 2 ( N  = 645), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test its structural validity. In Study 3 ( N  = 346), a MANOVA was employed assessing mean differences across eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder). Results In Study 1, the EGA accurately identified the three original dimensions of the TFEQ-R-18. Study 2 showed that the Italian TFEQ-R-18 has good fit indexes (CFI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.064; 90% CI [0.058, 0.070], SRMR = 0.062), and possesses robust psychometric properties. Study 3 reveals distinct, statistically significant differences among eating disorders. Conclusion The TFEQ-R-18 proves to be a concise and precise tool for measuring transdiagnostic eating behaviors. Its applicability in the Italian context, supported by robust psychometric properties, suggests its utility for both research and clinical purposes. The findings affirm its potential to inform interventions aimed at enhancing psychological health. Level of evidence Level V, descriptive study.

Ageing is a complex process involving physical, cognitive, and social changes. Despite these transformations, research on personality development remains limited. Traditional models propose that personality remains stable beyond early adulthood; however, age-related changes in other areas suggest potential structural reorganization. This study investigates whether aging leads to both dimensional and structural changes in personality, exploring how personality traits evolve and reorganize in later life. We conducted an online study with 376 retired adults over 65, who completed two personality questionnaires, a set of behavioral criteria, and a well-being questionnaire. Our findings show that the HEXACO Adjectives Scale (HAS) captures age-related personality changes, with higher Honesty-Humility, Extraversion, and Agreeableness, lower Emotionality, and stable Openness. We employed Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) to examine personality structure, offering a novel perspective on age-related changes. EGA revealed partial reorganization of the HEXACO model. Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness adjectives shuffled and merged into two distinct communities based on valence, reflecting a positive bias associated with ageing. This change, alongside increased Honesty-Humility, suggests growing emphasis on self-perception shaped by social context in later life. These findings challenge traditional views of personality stability in older adulthood, highlighting the dynamic nature of personality and ageing.

ObjectiveThis study was to evaluate measurement properties of the Chinese version of the Brief Inventory of Perceived Stress (BIPS-C) and confirm possible solutions for measuring the constructs underlying perceived stress.MethodsA total of 1356 community residents enrolled and were randomly split into two halves. The first half was used to explore the underlying constructs of the BIPS-C by exploratory graph analysis (EGA) and the second half was used to compare and confirm the constructs by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).ResultsThe EGA identified a one-factor model of the BIPS-C with an accuracy of 99.3%. One-factor, three-factor, second-order, and bifactor models were compared by CFAs. The bifactor model with one general and three specific factors was found to be the most adequate [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.990; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.979; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.058] and was superior to the other models. The related bifactor indices showed a stronger existence of the general factor. The bifactor model of the BIPS-C also showed adequate internal consistency with McDonald’s omega and omega subscales ranging from moderate to strong (0.677–0.869).ConclusionThe BIPS-C demonstrates sufficient measurement properties for assessing general perceived stress.