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result(s) for
"Explosive detection"
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All the ways we kill and die : an elegy for a fallen comrade, and the hunt for his killer
\"When Brian Castner, an Iraq War vet, learns that his friend and EOD brother Matt has been killed by an IED in Afghanistan, he goes to console Matt's widow, but he also begins a personal investigation. Is the bomb maker who killed Matt the same man American forces have been hunting since Iraq, known as the Engineer? In this nonfiction thriller Castner takes us inside the manhunt for this elusive figure, meeting maimed survivors, interviewing the forensics teams who gather post-blast evidence, the wonks who collect intelligence, the drone pilots and contractors tasked to kill\"--Dust jacket flap.
Book
Fluorescent determination of nitroaniline isomers based on ultrasensitive hydrophilic TPE sensors
Nitroaniline compounds are widely used as explosives and also in the industrial production process. However, as one group of rich-nitro materials, it is hard to discriminate nitroaniline isomers from other energetic materials. Hereby, TPE derivatives with mono-, di-, tetra-substituted hydrophobic alkyl chain and hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt chain were synthesized and characterized. Their fluorescence properties and AIE characteristics were comprehensively studied through fluorescence spectra, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence yield. The hydrophilicity and number of substituents both have a great impact on their AIE effect. The obtained hydrophobic TPE2Br and di-substituted hydrophilic TPE2N were investigated as explosive sensors. TPE2Br has fluorescent turn-on response to the tested explosives. TPE2N has unique fluorescent turn-off response to the nitroaniline isomers. By adding nitroaniline isomers were added to the TPE2N solution, the fluorescence intensity quenched to varying degrees. While to other explosives, it demonstrates fluorescent turn-on effect. The quenching constant Ksv of TPE2N to 4-NA is 1.24 *10 7 and its limit of detection (LOD) is 0.47 μM. TPE2N could work as an ultrasensitive, low-cost and rapidly responsive sensor for the recognition of nitroanilines.
Journal Article
Rapid visual detection of nitroaromatic explosives using a luminescent europium-organic framework material
•The synthesis of the Eu-MOF sensor.•Detection of nitroaromatic explosives using the fluorescence quenching effect.•The preparation of a portable test strip incorporating Eu-MOF for sensing TNT.•Visual recognition and rapid field detection.
Rapid field screening is enormously important in forensic analysis of explosives. In this article, we used a methodology based on a strong red-fluorescent europium-organic framework (Eu-MOF) material for sensitive and selective detection of picric acid, TNT, and tetryl using the fluorescence quenching effect. Results indicate that Eu-MOF can be used for the visual detection of these three explosives with low detection limits (20–140 μg/mL) and high quenching efficiency (Ksv > 104 M−1). Furthermore, this material can be recycled just by washing it with ethanol. The fluorescence quenching mechanism is also discussed. Importantly, we prepared a portable test strip that can be used for sensing TNT, and using this, we achieved a rapid field test for explosives. Consequently, Eu-MOF is a promising candidate material for use as an explosive optical sensor.
Journal Article
Tellurium Containing Long Lived Emissive Fluorophore for Selective and Visual Detection of Picric Acid through Photo‐Induced Electron Transfer
A novel tellurium (Te) containing fluorophore, 1 and its nickel (2) and copper (3) containing metal organic complex (MOC) have been synthesized to exploit their structural and optical properties and to deploy these molecules as fluorescent probes for the selective and sensitive detection of picric acid (PA) over other commonly available nitro‐explosives. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) techniques revealed the inclusion of “soft” Tellurium (Te) and “hard” Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O) atoms in the molecular frameworks. Owing to the presence of electron rich “N” and “O” atoms along with “Te” in the molecular framework, 1 could efficiently and selectively sense PA with more than 80 % fluorescence quenching efficiency in organic medium and having detection limit of 4.60 μM. The selective detection of PA compared to other nitro‐explosives follows a multi‐mechanism based “turn‐off” sensing which includes photo‐induced electron transfer (PET), electrostatic (π‐π stacking and π‐anion/cation) interaction, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and inner filter effect (IFE). The test strip study also establishes the sensitivity of 1 for detection of PA. Design and development of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Tellurium containing organic framework and its metal organic complexes for rapid and selective detection of trinitrophenol at μM concentration. Fabrication of fluorophore coated TLC sensing strips and investigation of photoinduced electron transfer mechanism.
Journal Article
Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives
The detection of hidden explosives has become an issue of utmost importance in recent years. While terrorism is not new to the international community, recent terrorist attacks have raised the issue of detection of explosives and have generated a great demand for rapid, sensitive and reliable methods for detecting hidden explosives. Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives covers recent advances in this area of research including vapor and trace detection techniques (chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical methods and micromechanical sensors, such as microcantilevers) and bulk detection techniques (neutron techniques, nuclear quadrupole resonance, x-ray diffraction imaging, millimeter-wave imaging, terahertz imaging and laser techniques). This book will be of interest to any scientists involved in the design and application of security screening technologies including new sensors and detecting devices which will prevent the smuggling of bombs and explosives. * Covers latest advances in vapor and trace detection techniques and bulk detection techniques* Reviews both current techniques and those in advanced stages of development* Techniques that are described in detail, including its principles of operation, as well as its applications in the detection of explosives
eBook
Effect of membrane properties on the odor emanating from training aids for explosive-detecting canines
Canines are widely used for real-time detection of explosives and have proven to be on par with instrumental methods. Canines are thought to rely largely upon detection of volatile chemical constituents of the explosives, though not necessarily the explosive itself. Hence, it is crucial to understand the odor available to them as generated by training aids. Previous studies have established that the Training Aid Delivery Device (TADD) developed by SciK9 is a reliable training aid that reduces cross-contamination and doubles as a storage device. A TADD comprises a standardized container, a synthetic membrane, a membrane holder, and a lid. In the work presented, activated charcoal strips were placed above and below the TADD membrane to determine the relative amounts of volatiles emitted by dynamite (i.e., ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and trinitroglycerin (NG)). The strips were eluted and the extracts tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in negative ion chemical ionization mode. A series of t-tests at 95% confidence level were performed to determine any differences in vapor composition above and below the membranes. Nine synthetic membranes and six glass fiber membranes were tested in this study. It was expected that the relative concentration of volatiles would remain the same on both sides of the membrane; however, selective removal of nitroglycerin by some membranes was observed. Synthetic membranes with larger pore sizes showed no alteration in the vapor composition. Both synthetic and glass fiber membranes did not show a significant change in relative concentration of the other volatile compound in dynamite, i.e., EGDN. Out of all the membranes tested, three synthetic membranes and four glass fiber membranes showed selective alteration in odor availability of nitroglycerin in dynamite. For training purposes, membranes that do not alter the vapor composition should be used in the training aid.
Journal Article
Recent developments of image processing to improve explosive detection methodologies and spectroscopic imaging techniques for explosive and drug detection
The use of explosive materials by terrorists for mass killing, creating chaos and producing threat to people initiated the research for developing the techniques and equipments which can detect explosives. Recently a vehicle borne suicide bomber attacked CRPF convoy at Lethpora in Pulwama district in India on 14th February 2019, which killed 40 CRPF personnel. From decades, real-time detection and identification of traces of explosives at a standoff distance has been an ongoing challenge and critical problems in public safety, defense and counter terrorism. A number of methods has been successfully developed and used commercially and by defense which involves fluorescence quenching sensor, colorimetric kits and ion mobility spectrometers. While several methods are under investigation for explosive trace detection. The ideal trace detection of explosives is which can detect traces from a standoff distance and ensures personnel safety. This paper provides study of explosive detection methods, standoff spectroscopy based methods, LIBS and compares the existing methods for trace detection. Also the paper provides review of world’s smallest drone made by Israel (Spectrodrone) which can sniff explosives and drugs from 2.8 km.
Journal Article
Selecting Dogs for Explosives Detection: Behavioral Characteristics
Detection dogs are widely considered the most effective and adaptive method for explosives detection. Increases in emerging sophisticated threats are accelerating the demand for highly capable explosives detection, causing a strain on available supplies of quality canines worldwide. These strains are further compounded by rigorous behavioral standards required to meet mission-specific capabilities, leading to high rates of dogs disqualified from training or deployment. Ample research has explored the behavioral characteristics important for assistance, guide, and other traditional working roles, while those corresponding to more specialized tasks such as detection of explosives are not as well-understood. In this review we aim to identify the behavioral characteristics important for operational tasks of explosives detection dogs, contrasting with that of other working roles and highlighting key differences between explosives and other types of detection dogs. Further, we review the available research on methods for assessing and selecting candidate detection dogs and make recommendations for future directions and applications to the industry. Improvements and standardization in assessment technology allowing for the identification and enhancement of behavioral characteristics will be key to advancing canine detection technology in general.
Journal Article
Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning for the quantification of explosives in mixtures
Detection of explosives and their residues in real time is of paramount importance to homeland security and military. In real-time applications, the suspected materials may contain several chemical compounds making the detection even more challenging. We demonstrate a compact portable Raman spectroscopic tool for quantitative detection of constituent explosives in a binary mixture using machine learning. For the experiment, two samples were considered and mixed at different weight percentages:—1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and ammonium nitrate (AN). Linear regression was employed to quantify the amount of RDX and AN. Regression analyses were conducted using both univariate and multivariate machine learning methods. The Raman spectra were analyzed with and without background correction. Further, various feature/variable selection strategies were explored to find out the best analysis protocol. Our analysis shows that the background correction of the spectra does not improve the accuracy. Among various feature selection techniques, multivariate analysis by considering the total spectra and features associated with only peaks as input gives better results than univariate analysis and multivariate analyses of other sub-spectra. The results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning can be used as a reliable, compact, and fast tool for the real-time investigation of explosive mixtures.
Journal Article
Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerization of Propeller-Shaped Triphenylamine Cyanostilbenes for Explosive Detection
Self-assembly of
π
-conjugated compounds into supramolecular polymers has received considerable attention because of their intrinsic scientific interests and technological applications. As compared to
π
-conjugated rods, discotics, and macrocycles, propeller-shaped
π
-conjugated molecules have been less exploited to form long-range-ordered supramolecular polymers. Herein a novel type of supramolecular polymers has been constructed on the basis of propeller-shaped triphenylamine cyanostilbenes. The designed compound adopts nucleation—elongation cooperative mechanism for the supramolecular polymerization process, because of the participation of three-fold hydrogen bonds between the neighbouring monomers. The supramolecular polymeric state displays amplified chirality and enhanced emission than those in the monomeric state. The resulting supramolecular polymers exhibit severe emission quenching upon addition of 2,6-dinitrotoluene, ascribed to photoinduced electron transfer from the triphenylamine cyanostilbenes to the explosive analyte. The current study proves the feasibility to supramolecular polymerize propeller-like
π
-conjugated molecules, serving as a promising type of explosive sensor owing to their guest encapsulation and signal amplification capabilities.
Journal Article