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Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives
The detection of hidden explosives has become an issue of utmost importance in recent years. While terrorism is not new to the international community, recent terrorist attacks have raised the issue of detection of explosives and have generated a great demand for rapid, sensitive and reliable methods for detecting hidden explosives. Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives covers recent advances in this area of research including vapor and trace detection techniques (chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical methods and micromechanical sensors, such as microcantilevers) and bulk detection techniques (neutron techniques, nuclear quadrupole resonance, x-ray diffraction imaging, millimeter-wave imaging, terahertz imaging and laser techniques). This book will be of interest to any scientists involved in the design and application of security screening technologies including new sensors and detecting devices which will prevent the smuggling of bombs and explosives. * Covers latest advances in vapor and trace detection techniques and bulk detection techniques* Reviews both current techniques and those in advanced stages of development* Techniques that are described in detail, including its principles of operation, as well as its applications in the detection of explosives
eBook
Las súper-ratas de Bart : esta es la historia de alguien que, con su determinación y esfuerzo, ha conseguido algo tan valioso como mejorar la vida de los demás y poner su grano de arena para construir un mundo mejor
\"Esta es la historia de Bart, el niño que soñó con las Súper Ratas, un ejército de roedores entrenados para mejorar la vida de las personas. Pero lo que nadie esperaba es que ayudaría a salvar la vida de miles de personas. Gracias a su olfato, las ratas de Bart detectan minas terrestres por toda África y ayudan a la investigación de enfermedades como la tuberculosis. Con su amor por los animales, su creatividad y perseverancia, Bart ha contribuido a crear un mundo mejor. La historia de Bart Weetjens es la de alguien que, desde muy joven, se dio cuenta de que había cosas a su alrededor que no funcionaban bien, y de que tal vez pudiera hacer algo por cambiarlas. Así que pensó en una solución, buscó compañeros de equipo para llevarla a cabo y puso en marcha un proyecto importantísimo para contribuir a un mundo mejor\"-- Publisher's website.
Selecting Dogs for Explosives Detection: Behavioral Characteristics
Detection dogs are widely considered the most effective and adaptive method for explosives detection. Increases in emerging sophisticated threats are accelerating the demand for highly capable explosives detection, causing a strain on available supplies of quality canines worldwide. These strains are further compounded by rigorous behavioral standards required to meet mission-specific capabilities, leading to high rates of dogs disqualified from training or deployment. Ample research has explored the behavioral characteristics important for assistance, guide, and other traditional working roles, while those corresponding to more specialized tasks such as detection of explosives are not as well-understood. In this review we aim to identify the behavioral characteristics important for operational tasks of explosives detection dogs, contrasting with that of other working roles and highlighting key differences between explosives and other types of detection dogs. Further, we review the available research on methods for assessing and selecting candidate detection dogs and make recommendations for future directions and applications to the industry. Improvements and standardization in assessment technology allowing for the identification and enhancement of behavioral characteristics will be key to advancing canine detection technology in general.
Journal Article
Fluorescent determination of nitroaniline isomers based on ultrasensitive hydrophilic TPE sensors
Nitroaniline compounds are widely used as explosives and also in the industrial production process. However, as one group of rich-nitro materials, it is hard to discriminate nitroaniline isomers from other energetic materials. Hereby, TPE derivatives with mono-, di-, tetra-substituted hydrophobic alkyl chain and hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt chain were synthesized and characterized. Their fluorescence properties and AIE characteristics were comprehensively studied through fluorescence spectra, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence yield. The hydrophilicity and number of substituents both have a great impact on their AIE effect. The obtained hydrophobic TPE2Br and di-substituted hydrophilic TPE2N were investigated as explosive sensors. TPE2Br has fluorescent turn-on response to the tested explosives. TPE2N has unique fluorescent turn-off response to the nitroaniline isomers. By adding nitroaniline isomers were added to the TPE2N solution, the fluorescence intensity quenched to varying degrees. While to other explosives, it demonstrates fluorescent turn-on effect. The quenching constant Ksv of TPE2N to 4-NA is 1.24 *10 7 and its limit of detection (LOD) is 0.47 μM. TPE2N could work as an ultrasensitive, low-cost and rapidly responsive sensor for the recognition of nitroanilines.
Journal Article
Rapid visual detection of nitroaromatic explosives using a luminescent europium-organic framework material
•The synthesis of the Eu-MOF sensor.•Detection of nitroaromatic explosives using the fluorescence quenching effect.•The preparation of a portable test strip incorporating Eu-MOF for sensing TNT.•Visual recognition and rapid field detection.
Rapid field screening is enormously important in forensic analysis of explosives. In this article, we used a methodology based on a strong red-fluorescent europium-organic framework (Eu-MOF) material for sensitive and selective detection of picric acid, TNT, and tetryl using the fluorescence quenching effect. Results indicate that Eu-MOF can be used for the visual detection of these three explosives with low detection limits (20–140 μg/mL) and high quenching efficiency (Ksv > 104 M−1). Furthermore, this material can be recycled just by washing it with ethanol. The fluorescence quenching mechanism is also discussed. Importantly, we prepared a portable test strip that can be used for sensing TNT, and using this, we achieved a rapid field test for explosives. Consequently, Eu-MOF is a promising candidate material for use as an explosive optical sensor.
Journal Article
Tellurium Containing Long Lived Emissive Fluorophore for Selective and Visual Detection of Picric Acid through Photo‐Induced Electron Transfer
A novel tellurium (Te) containing fluorophore, 1 and its nickel (2) and copper (3) containing metal organic complex (MOC) have been synthesized to exploit their structural and optical properties and to deploy these molecules as fluorescent probes for the selective and sensitive detection of picric acid (PA) over other commonly available nitro‐explosives. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) techniques revealed the inclusion of “soft” Tellurium (Te) and “hard” Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O) atoms in the molecular frameworks. Owing to the presence of electron rich “N” and “O” atoms along with “Te” in the molecular framework, 1 could efficiently and selectively sense PA with more than 80 % fluorescence quenching efficiency in organic medium and having detection limit of 4.60 μM. The selective detection of PA compared to other nitro‐explosives follows a multi‐mechanism based “turn‐off” sensing which includes photo‐induced electron transfer (PET), electrostatic (π‐π stacking and π‐anion/cation) interaction, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and inner filter effect (IFE). The test strip study also establishes the sensitivity of 1 for detection of PA. Design and development of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Tellurium containing organic framework and its metal organic complexes for rapid and selective detection of trinitrophenol at μM concentration. Fabrication of fluorophore coated TLC sensing strips and investigation of photoinduced electron transfer mechanism.
Journal Article
Covalent organic hollow nanospheres constructed by using AIE-active units for nitrophenol explosives detection
The development of conjugated nanomaterials with high sensitivity and super-amplified quenching effect for the detection of nitrophenol explosives is still a great challenge. Herein, we developed conjugated hollow nanospheres constructed by using aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active 1,3,5-tris(4-formyl-phenyl)benzene (TFPB). The high emission hollow nanospheres with uniform size and admirable dispersiveness exhibited obvious fluorescence quenching response with the addition of nitrophenol explosives owing to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the hollow nanospheres to nitrophenol explosives. The Stern-Volmer constants of hollow spheres for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), 4-nitrophenol (NP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) can reach 9.67×10
5
, 3.14×10
5
and 4.8×10
4
M
−1
, respectively. Furthermore, the handy test paper coated with hollow nanospheres was prepared and showed a good response toward TNP solutions and vapor. The study provides a novel strategy to construct AIE-active conjugated hollow nanospheres for efficient nitrophenol explosives sensing.
Journal Article
A study into the natural occurrence of inorganic ions relevant to forensic explosives investigations on human hands
The natural occurrence of 16 inorganic ions relevant to forensic explosives investigations on human hands was studied to support the evaluation of activity-level propositions when such traces are found on the hands or in the fingerprints of a suspect. A total of 594 hand swab extracts from 297 participants throughout Europe and the United States of America were analyzed using Ion Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry. The data provides a reference framework for future covert investigations and forensic casework. The results indicate that thiocyanate, chlorate, nitrite, lithium, strontium, and barium are rarely detected on the hands of individuals who have had no direct contact with explosives (P<0.03) and in quantities below 6 µg. Perchlorate contamination sporadically occurs without deliberately handling perchlorates (P=0.03), albeit at low levels (<12 µg). It also seems that the presence of perchlorate on hands is generally related to professions that involve explosives. Detecting substantial amounts of any of these rare ions on a suspect’s hands would require a specific explanation. Because legitimate activities exist that can also result in elevated levels of ions of interest on hands, the context surrounding their presence has to be carefully assessed for each individual case.
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•Quantitative reference assessment of 16 inorganic ions on hands using IC-MS.•Perchlorate or chlorate on hands seems indicative of contact with explosives.•Thiocyanate, (per)chlorate, nitrite, lithium, strontium, and barium are rare on hands.•The probability of innocent contamination is more easily assessed.
Journal Article
Effect of membrane properties on the odor emanating from training aids for explosive-detecting canines
Canines are widely used for real-time detection of explosives and have proven to be on par with instrumental methods. Canines are thought to rely largely upon detection of volatile chemical constituents of the explosives, though not necessarily the explosive itself. Hence, it is crucial to understand the odor available to them as generated by training aids. Previous studies have established that the Training Aid Delivery Device (TADD) developed by SciK9 is a reliable training aid that reduces cross-contamination and doubles as a storage device. A TADD comprises a standardized container, a synthetic membrane, a membrane holder, and a lid. In the work presented, activated charcoal strips were placed above and below the TADD membrane to determine the relative amounts of volatiles emitted by dynamite (i.e., ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and trinitroglycerin (NG)). The strips were eluted and the extracts tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in negative ion chemical ionization mode. A series of t-tests at 95% confidence level were performed to determine any differences in vapor composition above and below the membranes. Nine synthetic membranes and six glass fiber membranes were tested in this study. It was expected that the relative concentration of volatiles would remain the same on both sides of the membrane; however, selective removal of nitroglycerin by some membranes was observed. Synthetic membranes with larger pore sizes showed no alteration in the vapor composition. Both synthetic and glass fiber membranes did not show a significant change in relative concentration of the other volatile compound in dynamite, i.e., EGDN. Out of all the membranes tested, three synthetic membranes and four glass fiber membranes showed selective alteration in odor availability of nitroglycerin in dynamite. For training purposes, membranes that do not alter the vapor composition should be used in the training aid.
Journal Article