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This article establishes six stylized facts about firms' export prices using detailed customs data on the universe of Chinese trade flows. First, across firms selling a given product, exporters that charge higher prices earn greater revenues in each destination, have bigger worldwide sales, and enter more markets. Second, firms that export more, enter more markets, and charge higher export prices import more expensive inputs. Third, across destinations within a firm-product, firms set higher prices in richer, larger, bilaterally more distant and overall less remote countries. Fourth, across destinations within a firm-product, firms earn bigger revenues in markets where they set higher prices. Fifth, across firms within a product, exporters with more destinations offer a wider range of export prices. Finally, firms that export more, enter more markets, and offer a wider range of export prices pay a wider range of input prices and source inputs from more origin countries. We propose that trade models should incorporate two features to rationalize these patterns in the data: more successful exporters use higher quality inputs to produce higher quality goods (stylized facts 1 and 2), and firms vary the quality of their products across destinations by using inputs of different quality levels (stylized facts 3, 4, 5, and 6).

This study aims to evaluate the impact of financial market development on earnings from exports in Nigeria. Expo facto research design was used in this study and time series data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank Development database from 1990 to 2021.The study utilized Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique in establishing the short and long-run relationship among the variables. From the result, it was found that: financial market depth has negative but significant (β = -20.457) impact with export earnings in Nigeria; financial market access (β = 3.149) have a positive and significant impact with export earnings in Nigeria; financial market efficiency (β = 3.695) have positive and significant effect with export earnings in Nigeria; and financial market stability (β = 0.025) have positive and significant effect with export earnings in Nigeria. Therefore, it was concluded that financial market development through financial market access, efficiency and stability has a significant impact on export earnings in Nigeria. Accordingly, the study recommended that policymakers and relevant stakeholders focus on enhancing and maintaining an enabling environment for easy access to financial markets which boosts export earnings and among others.

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries.

This paper analyses the relationship between production subsidies and firms' export performance using a very comprehensive and recent firm-level database and controlling for the endogeneity of subsidies. It documents robust evidence that production subsidies stimulate export activity at the intensive margin, although this effect is conditional on firm characteristics. In particular, the positive relationship between subsidies and the intensive margin of exports is strongest among profit-making firms, firms in capital-intensive industries, and those located in non-coastal regions. Compared to firm characteristics, the extent of heterogeneity across ownership structure (SOEs, collectives, and privately owned firms) proves to be relatively less important.

The Venezuelan Bolivar is pegged to the U.S. dollar and supported by foreign exchange restrictions. To assess the appropriateness of the peg during the current period of high oil export earnings and the likely consequences of a liberalization, this paper attempts to disentangle the effects of oil prices from other factors underlying the equilibrium real exchange rate, and examines the role of foreign exchange controls by extending the application of a vector error correction (VEC) model to parallel market exchange rates. Several findings are worth noting. First, oil prices have indeed played a significant role in determining a time-varying equilibrium real exchange rate path. Second, oil prices are not the only important determinant of the real effective exchange rate: declining productivity is also a key factor. Third, appreciation pressures are rising. Finally, the speed of convergence of a VEC model using parallel rather than official rates is higher, suggesting that the government has been able to maintain sharp deviations between the official and equilibrium rates because of Venezuela's oil dependency and the concentration of oil income in government hands.

Indonesia has great potential in increasing foreign exchange reserves through natural resource exports, but the practice of storing export proceeds in foreign banks by exporters reduces domestic liquidity and weakens monetary stability. To overcome this, the Government issued Government Regulation Number 8 of 2025 which requires the placement of 100% of foreign exchange proceeds from natural resource exports in the national financial system for a minimum of 12 months (non-oil and gas) and 30% for 3 months (oil and gas). This doctrinal legal research analyzes the policy through a statutory and literature approach, concluding that this regulation not only strengthens foreign exchange reserves-which stood at USD144 billion (February 2024)-but also becomes a strategic instrument of green development funding. By diverting foreign exchange to domestic accounts, the policy creates fiscal-monetary synergies, increases Bank Indonesia’s intervention capacity in exchange rate stabilization, and opens up opportunities for funding green infrastructure projects such as renewable energy and green transportation. However, the main challenge lies in the fluctuation of global commodity prices and the green financing gap that reaches USD6.9 trillion/year to meet the Paris Agreement targets. The implication is that optimizing foreign exchange from natural resource exports has the potential to accelerate the green economy transition, although it requires downstream strategies, market diversification, and consistent regulatory enforcement to ensure ecological sustainability and intergenerational equity.

One of the most important issues addressed in research on international business, especially on SMEs, is why certain companies export more than others. A frequent explanation in the literature is that company directors and managers have different perceptions of obstacles or barriers to exporting. In that respect, in the last thirty years the literature on internationalization has studied export barriers without establishing a common classification and with no homogeneity in terms of either the number or types of existing barriers and their relative importance, nor a uniform approach to identify the most important barriers, the different types of barriers, or a scale in which they could be included. Therefore, we consider that there is a gap in the research on exporting and that it is necessary to establish a scale of exporting barriers that can be extrapolated to other studies of internationalization. Therefore, this paper seeks to review the main theoretical and empirical studies on export barriers, to propose an integrative classification of such barriers and to perform an empirical comparison of their perception so that the classification can be universally accepted and used in future studies on exports. Using a population of 2,590 companies (478 responses) and structural equations, we confirmed the four proposed dimensions or factors of export barriers, namely, knowledge, resources, procedure and exogenous barriers. The conclusions of this study offer a number of academic implications and contributions.