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Sustaining export-oriented development : ideas from East Asia
Sustaining Export-Oriented Development looks at the East Asian economies' postwar development and assesses the prospects and constraints to continuing at its current pace. The possibilities of transferring East Asian development elsewhere are also considered. While there is no single East Asian model, common elements are identified: an abundance of low-wage labour and free labour markets, an emphasis on health and education, trade liberalisation and export-oriented policies, financial market liberalisation (providing an environment conducive to private saving and investment), efficient capital utilisation and a focus on sound infrastructure. Written by leading economists, the book traces the changes in the thinking of policymakers and advisers about the policies required for economic development. In particular, it examines the shift in emphasis from import-substitution to outward orientation that has coincided with the East Asian economies' success.
Book
Exporter Challenges for 2023
[...]make sure you have determined whether and from what entity your exports need a U.S. government license. [...]a lack of trained workers can result in a sluggish supply chain, which will have a cascading effect. The WTO also recognizes the difficulty central banks face in cooling inflation, the possibility of an unstable global financial flow, and escalation in the Russia-Ukraine War. [...]ongoing climate change is disrupting the global trade system.
Journal Article
EXPORTING AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: CHINESE EXPORTERS AND THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS
We ask how export demand shocks associated with the Asian financial crisis affected Chinese exporters. We construct firm-specific exchange rate shocks based on the precrisis destinations of firms' exports. Because the shocks were unanticipated and large, they are a plausible instrument for identifying the impact of exporting on firm productivity and other outcomes. We find that firms whose export destinations experience greater currency depreciation have slower export growth and that export growth leads to increases in firm productivity and other firm performance measures. Consistent with \"learning-by-exporting,\" the productivity impact of export growth is greater when firms export to more developed countries.
Journal Article
Environmental externalities in relation to agricultural sector in Thailand with trade-linked analysis
Thailand plays an important role in the international trade of food and agricultural products, which is in alignment with its national strategy of serving as the “kitchen of the world.” When looking at its agricultural promotion and export policies, the country only counts the value gains from exports while neglecting environmental externalities related to plantation practices. The purpose of this study was to perform a trade-off analysis between consumptive water, land, and fertilizer use together with the economic values of major crops for export and consumption in the country. The results show that to gain income from agricultural exports, the country has exploited various natural resources. The area used to harvest rice, sugarcane, cassava, and rubber adds up to approximately 15.3 million ha: 7.2 million ha of which is for domestic consumption and 8.1 ha for export. To produce Thailand’s agricultural exports, total water use is estimated to be 49.8–67.5 billion m
3
per year (61–65 %), while the amount used to produce crops for domestic consumption is 26.5–43.7 billion m
3
per year (35–39 %). Meanwhile, 1,056–1,826 thousand tons (54 %) of fertilizer was used on crops for domestic consumption, and 1,222–1,370 thousand tons (46 %) of fertilizer was used on export crops. The best crop choice for export in terms of its export value, land use, fertilizer use, and water consumption is rubber. The worst crop choices for export are rice and cassava. More sustainable agricultural practices are needed to effect improvements such as increased yields and reduced fertilizer and water use.
Journal Article
Can Production Subsidies Explain China's Export Performance? Evidence from Firm-level Data
This paper analyses the relationship between production subsidies and firms' export performance using a very comprehensive and recent firm-level database and controlling for the endogeneity of subsidies. It documents robust evidence that production subsidies stimulate export activity at the intensive margin, although this effect is conditional on firm characteristics. In particular, the positive relationship between subsidies and the intensive margin of exports is strongest among profit-making firms, firms in capital-intensive industries, and those located in non-coastal regions. Compared to firm characteristics, the extent of heterogeneity across ownership structure (SOEs, collectives, and privately owned firms) proves to be relatively less important.
Journal Article
A Relational Model of Export Performance
Export performance models anchored in the industrial organization and resource-based theories have previously been developed and tested. Thus far there have been no empirically tested export performance models that have reflected the core tenets of the relational, or behavioral, paradigm. Drawing from relational exchange theory, a model that includes reciprocal perceptions that relate to both past and future exchanges is developed. This model is tested with dyadic data from 125 West-East (Australia-Thailand) exporter-importer partnerships, reflecting the increasing importance of West-East exchange relationships. Results support the theory's contention that commitment (to future exchanges) is associated with export performance, and is itself driven by a reciprocal cycle of each partner's perception of the other's commitment, relationship-specific investments and dependence. This cycle of commitment is in turn influenced by each partner's trust in the other (from past exchanges), with different types of trust linked to different types of commitment. Trust and commitment are then found to be related both to interpersonal factors (i.e., effective communication, cultural sensitivity and likeability of partner) and to firm factors (reputation and competencies of partner).
Journal Article
Manufacturing, Exports, and Sustainable Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries
Using data for 130 developing countries over a 24 year period from 1996 to 2019, this study investigates the role of manufacturing development in sustainable growth and how the contribution of the manufacturing sector to growth is affected by exports and the underlying export-oriented policies. By employing a vintage difference GMM estimation developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), we find that the manufacturing sector positively contributes to economic growth in developing countries, whereas exports (and thus, their related growth policies) lead to deindustrialization and are thus harmful to growth. In addition, we find that this export-led deindustrialization and the resulting negative growth effect might differ depending on a country’s stage of development measured in terms of the per capita income level. In particular, the growth of countries with lower income levels is more severely negatively impacted than in the case of the richer countries, which is consistent with the findings in the literature. Finally, our main results are robust under two alternative regression checks in which we take into account the potential endogeneity problem and additionally control for the share of imports in GDP in the model.
Journal Article
The Missing Thread in the Making of Agricultural Export Policy in India
This paper critically evaluates the making of the Agricultural Export Policy (AEP), 2018 in India and identifies the missing thread in the process. The analysis is based on relevant policy documents, supported by secondary literature and interaction with key stakeholders. Prima facie, the policy (AEP, 2018) seems to be an improvised version over the then existing Agricultural Export Zones (AEZ) policy but still many caveats are associated with it. The major one includes: inadequate emphasis on infrastructure required to boost agricultural exports, errors in the inclusion and exclusion of products identified under AEP and sidelining issues about trade facilitation, doing business and also capacity building and preparedness at the state level.
Journal Article