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When China implemented the exports tax rebate policy through administrative framework in 1985, industrial energy consumption increased by more than five times. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between industrial energy demand (IED), exports tax rebate, exports, and the value of industrial output in the presence of other variables such as GDP, taking into account the effects of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and foreign direct investment (FDI). The present study adopted the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Granger Casuality analysis of the VECM to examine the short run and long relationship among different variables. The empirical evidence supported the long-term cointegration of these pasrameters and demonstrated a positive impact on industrial energy consumption. Foreign direct investment reduces the need for industrial power. The conservation hypothesis between export tax credits and industrial energy use was also verified by the Granger Causality analysis of the VECM. Furthermore, export tax credits have a secondary impact on energy use in manufacturing. This research might lead to more effective legal or adminsitarive regulations and policy measures to curb China’s rising energy use in the industrial sector.

Export tax rebate (ETR) and inwards foreign direct investment (IFDI) are important driving forces for the steady development of China’s export-oriented economy. Based on data from 2004 to 2019, this study puts forward relevant assumptions on constructing a model for empirically analyzing the impact of the ETR on China’s IFDI from the perspective of the national and the sub-national. The result demonstrates that there exists a complementary relationship between the ETR and IFDI; the weak lag effect of ETR on IFDI in the eastern, middle, and western regions of China; an explicit impact on the performance in the western region, which lags behind only one period; and no significant lag effect of ETR on IFDI in developed, moderately developed, and underdeveloped regions. On the basis of this evaluation, the conclusion could be achieved that that ETR has a significant effect on IFDI, though there may be differences in the direction and value of the impact. The highlight of this research is to detect the impact of ETR on IFDI by taking China as a case, and achieved that there exist sub-national differences, including the geographical and development-level differences. Plain Language Summary Export Tax Rebate on IFDI The purpose of this article was to detect the impact of export tax rebates (ETR) on China’s Inwards Foreign Direct Investment (IFDI) by considering various types of regional differences. The main methods was to establish econometric model considering of time lag effect and control variable and bring relevant hypothesis, then made panel data model to reveal the impact from perspectives of different regions. The conclusion was that the impact of the ETR on the IFDI generally demonstrated differences in complementarity, lag, and geographical and development levels. The implications was that China should implement different regional ETR policy for achieving larger effect on IFDI. The limitations could be detected from two aspects, which was whether an ETR that lags behind to be adopted being debatable and the adoption of enterprise microdata could effectively examine the impact of ETR on IFDI respectively.

This paper investigates how poverty reduction and natural resource preservation can be simultaneously achieved in a small open dual economy with urban wage rigidity, open access rural resources, and rural-urban migration. An increase in the export tax rate on the rural resource good increases urban unemployment in both the short run and the long run with resource dynamics. Given the institutional failures, the first-best policy is an urban wage subsidy combined with either a rural wage subsidy at a lower rate or, if the urban output price is sufficiently high, a rural tax. When the institutional failures can be resolved endogenously, an increase in the export tax on the resource good can induce rural institutional change away from open access. However, tariff protection of urban manufacturing hinders such a rural institutional change.

For an extended period, international economists have focused on trade policies related to natural resources in developing countries. However, prevailing analytical frameworks primarily examine the impact of export and import policies when natural resource stocks are subject to singular or distinct adverse externalities. In contrast, developing nations with less stringent environmental management regulations frequently grapple with open-access and industrial pollution externalities. This research extends the analysis of trade policies on natural resources by incorporating the concurrent presence of within- and inter-industry externalities, thereby significantly altering the autarkic equilibrium’s character. A two-sector general equilibrium model assesses the economic, stock conservation, and welfare implications of implementing export and import taxes on renewable resource commodities. The study reveals that resource-exporting countries’ enforcement of resource export taxes can yield a triple win, contingent on the relative damage inflicted by open-access renewable resources and manufacturing sectors. Conversely, import taxes imposed by resource-importing nations result in a triple loss. Furthermore, the model suggests that import subsidies for resource goods can promote resource conservation and welfare benefits compared to free trade without trade policies, mainly when pollution dominates open-access externality in terms of depleting on the environmental stock.

We examine the impact of free trade and the trade with the export tax on the utility, relative price levels, and the shared resource stock conservation in which excessive harvesting and industrial pollution externalities generate environmental pressures simultaneously in both countries. The common shared stocks can rule out the complete spatial separation of incompatible industries with the cross-effect of externalities. The differences in environmental awareness levels in both countries determine the trade pattern.

We use a global dynamic multiregional computable general equilibrium model to analyze the comparative economic impacts of the 2006 softwood lumber agreement between Canada and the United States over the 2007–2013 period and the extent to which Canadian Provinces made a favorable choice of export tax border measure options. Results show that the agreement was effective in curtailing Canada's softwood lumber entry into the United States market. It benefited the United States producers through increased stumpage rates, whereas the United States consumers lost marginally in welfare due to increased price index while gaining in household income. Canadian producers compensated for their loss of market share in the United States by redirecting their exports to rest of the world market. All Canadian Provinces except Saskatchewan and Ontario made a favorable choice of the export tax border measure options from a consumer welfare perspective. However, alternative export border control measure choices could have had more favorable impacts on other economic variables in these and other Provinces.

In this paper, the author uses a generalized version of Kennan and Riezman (Int Econ Rev 29(1):81-85, 1988) trade war model with Stone-Geary preferences, where countries can choose between a Nash tariff or an export tax. Three scenarios emerge from this setting, namely: the standard tariff war, the export tax war and a mixed scenario—\"the tariff-export tax war\"—where one country applies a Nash tariff, while the other imposes an export tax. In this setting, countries derive their market power not only from their relative endowment size, but also from their subsistence consumptions. As a consequence, a large country does not necessarily win a trade war if it has a substantially higher consumption requirement than the small country. This finding explains why large economies sign trade agreements with small counterparts that prohibit the use of tariffs and export taxes.

Differential Export Tax (DET) rates, or the policy of imposing high export taxes on raw commodities and low export taxes on processed goods, generate public revenues and promote production at the more processed stages of a value chain. We study the theoretical justification of this trade policy by designing a simple international trade model which shows that a tax on exports of a raw agricultural commodity in a country that exports seeds and vegetable oils increases the sum of final consumers' surplus, processing sector profits, farmers' surplus, and public revenues. We then develop a partial equilibrium model of the world's oilseed value chain and simulate the total elimination of DETs in Argentina and Indonesia, as well as the independent removal of export taxes at various stages of production in the same countries. Estimations show that removing export taxes along the entire value chain in Argentina and Indonesia reduces the local production of biofuels by only 0.4% in Argentina, while eliminating only the export tax on biofuels in Argentina leads to a 9.6% volume increase in Argentinean biofuels production.