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In his tiny treatiseOn Bullshit, the moral philosopher Harry Frankfurt (2005) gives us a useful theory of bullshit. We normally think of bullshit as a synonym—albeit a somewhat vulgar one—for lies or deceit. But Frankfurt argues that bullshit has nothing to do with truth. Rather, bullshit is used to conceal, to impress, or to coerce. Unlike liars, bullshitters have no use for the truth. All that matters to them is hiding their ignorance or bringing about their own benefit. In a short position statement presented at a small, invitation-only conference on gamification at the University of Pennsylvania’s

If there is one catchword for the current moment in the history of media, it is convergence: digital media, computing, and networking are decoupling the entities formerly known as “the media” into their requisite components—content genres and storage media, distribution networks and end devices, producers and audiences—to recombine them into unexpected, fleeting new formations (Jenkins 2006; Storsul and Fagerjord 2008). Thus, games can now be played on almost any digital device, anytime, anywhere. Game distribution is migrating from off-the-shelf physical copies to online streaming and a myriad of app stores across a myriad of platforms, and games are

In 2009, the two of us began writing monthly columns for our friends atSportsBusiness Journal—affectionately known as “SBJ” in the North American sports industry. At first, the opportunity to write forSBJand our many acquaintances in the sports world was a bit of a dream, but neither of us imagined that seven years later we would have written more than 60 opinion or insight pieces on an economic sector that we follow closely, work in continually, and teach about daily. The number of positive comments we’ve received and conversations we’ve started is something we’ve often discussed, and

In 2009, the two of us began writing monthly columns for our friends atSportsBusiness Journal—affectionately known as “SBJ” in the North American sports industry. At first, the opportunity to write forSBJand our many acquaintances in the sports world was a bit of a dream, but neither of us imagined that seven years later we would have written more than 60 opinion or insight pieces on an economic sector that we follow closely, work in continually, and teach about daily. The number of positive comments we’ve received and conversations we’ve started is something we’ve often discussed, and

In this chapter, I draw from Michel Foucault to frame self-tracking and gamification in terms of the governance of modern liberal nation-states where subjects willingly govern, regulate, and optimize themselves. I introduce the quantification of the self, showing how it is used in gamification movements and how it is leveraged to promote a care of the self, as well as further enrolling individuals in normalization projects. I argue that current gamification projects are not influenced by playful design (and much less a focus on fostering creativity and exploration), but take something entirely different from games: the feedback mechanisms such as

During the past couple of years, the use of game design for economic purposes in games (Hamari and Lehdonvirta 2010; Hamari and Järvinen 2011) as well as in non-game contexts (Reeves and Reed 2009; Deterding et al. 2011; McGonigal 2011; Zichermann and Cunningham 2011; Huotari and Hamari 2012) has rapidly gained a substantial amount of traction among scholars and practitioners. This development of affording gameful experiences or using design reminiscent of games has been dubbedgamification. Following the successes of social networking services (Facebook), games (Angry Birds), and location-based services (Foursquare), marketers in particular have started to apply gamification in

“Sorry. That table is taken, but I can offer you one on the patio.” This is something we often heard after arriving at a popular restaurant on a jam-packed day when we showed up without a reservation. It’s not what we wanted to learn but might end up giving us a premium we didn’t expect. After hearing the news that Ford has entered into a sponsorship agreement that includes rights to the outdoor space around the Air Canada Centre in the heart of Toronto (Canada’s largest city and North America’s fifth largest), we wondered if this new direction had hit

“Sorry. That table is taken, but I can offer you one on the patio.” This is something we often heard after arriving at a popular restaurant on a jam-packed day when we showed up without a reservation. It’s not what we wanted to learn but might end up giving us a premium we didn’t expect. After hearing the news that Ford has entered into a sponsorship agreement that includes rights to the outdoor space around the Air Canada Centre in the heart of Toronto (Canada’s largest city and North America’s fifth largest), we wondered if this new direction had hit

Here’s a little scene.¹ The magnificent blue dome of the British Library’s Round Reading Room; we picture Karl Marx at work on theGrundrisse, debating with David Ricardo’s texts, mooching as usual on his wife Jenny’s work and inheritance to live, rather miserably. It is late summer or early fall of 1857. He is trying to understand how to replace “the unimaginative fantasies of eighteenth-century romances à laRobinson Crusoe,” fantasies in whichhomo faberis imagined as “the solitary and isolated hunter or fisherman,” and which “serve[] Adam Smith and Ricardo as a starting point.”² In place of these