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To investigate the feasibility and extinguishing performance of clean extinguishing agent dry water materials for oil fires, the properties of dry water materials and dry water materials with different additives were characterized in terms of bulk density, water retention, fluidity, and particle size distribution. Autonomous fire suppression platforms were built to investigate the efficacy and effect of different dry water additive concentrations on the suppression of oil fires. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on dry water samples with good extinguishing efficacy. The results showed that the dry water samples containing additives had faster extinguishing times, lower extinguishing doses, and faster temperature drop rates than dry water samples. For different concentrations of dry water samples, the dry water sample containing 8% sodium acetate had the fastest extinguishing time of 4.1 s, the lowest dose of 96.3 g, and the fastest temperature drop rate of 15.7 °C s–1, followed by the dry water sample containing 0.4% urea. Combined with thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic calculations, the dry water samples containing urea and sodium acetate additives possessed activation energies of 36.44 kJ mol–1 and 37.75 kJ mol–1, respectively. The activation energies of the dry water samples with the additives were more than 20% lower than those of DW1. Dry water samples with additives all provide better fire suppression, suppressing flames, and controlling flame spread by cooling, diluting oxygen, reducing activation energy, and trapping free radicals.

To study the effectiveness of dry water material in suppressing oil pool fires, the experimental platform of liquid fuel fire extinguishing was built, and the effectiveness test was carried out. The effect of releasing pressure on dry water suppressing oil pool fires of different sizes was analyzed, and the effectiveness of dry water extinguishing on polar and non-polar liquid fuel was studied. The inhibition efficiency and mechanism of dry water modified by two kinds of metal sodium salt on oil pool fires were revealed. The results show that the release pressure of 0.6 MPa is the most effective for extinguishing the oil pool fire. For methanol, ethanol, and n-heptane liquid fuels, dry water has the highest extinguishing efficiency. Among modified dry water, sodium carbonate dry water is better in fire extinguishing efficiency, while sodium acetate dry water is poor; by comparing the theoretical critical parameters and experimental values, it can be seen that the physical fire extinguishing mechanism of dry water on oil pool fire mainly includes cooling, oxygen isolation and air dilution, among which the cooling effect of fire plume and fuel surface is the dominant physical fire extinguishing mechanism.

In this paper, the spreading properties of foam with different expansions were compared and analyzed, and the reasons were discussed by studying the archaeological properties of foam. The experiment shows that the viscosity and yield stress of foam increase with the increase of expansion ratio, which results in the slow spreading speed of foam on the fuel layer. In addition, the foam with the expansion ratio 6 can quickly form a “water film” due to its accelerated liquid separation process, and the spreading speed on the oil surface is significantly improved. This study provides theoretical support for the optimization and application of foam fire extinguishing technology.

Advanced elastomers are increasingly used in emerging areas, for example, flexible electronics and devices, and these real‐world applications often require elastomers to be stretchable, tough and fire safe. However, to date there are few successes in achieving such a performance portfolio due to their different governing mechanisms. Herein, a stretchable, supertough, and self‐extinguishing polyurethane elastomers by introducing dynamic π–π stacking motifs and phosphorus‐containing moieties are reported. The resultant elastomer shows a large break strain of ≈2260% and a record‐high toughness (ca. 460 MJ m−3), which arises from its dynamic microphase‐separated microstructure resulting in increased entropic elasticity, and strain‐hardening at large strains. The elastomer also exhibits a self‐extinguishing ability thanks to the presence of both phosphorus‐containing units and π–π stacking interactions. Its promising applications as a reliable yet recyclable substrate for strain sensors are demonstrated. The work will help to expedite next‐generation sustainable advanced elastomers for flexible electronics and devices applications. By introducing well‐designed dynamic π–π stacking motifs and phosphorus‐containing moieties, a mechanically strong, supertough and fire retardant polyurethane elastomer is developed, demonstrating a high tensile strength of ≈57 MPa, a large break strain of ≈2260%, a record‐high toughness (ca. 460 [±15] MJ m−3) and a self‐extinguishing ability, which hold great promise for flexible electronics and devices applications.

Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) is a major issue in the coal mining industry and poses a significant threat to the safety of coal production. To address this problem, various technologies for CSC prevention and extinguishing have been developed. Despite this, a bibliometric and systematic review of CSC prevention and extinguishing technologies (PAETs) is currently lacking. To bridge this gap, a scientometric analysis of the bibliographic data in this field is conducted to identify current popular technologies and challenges, including statistics and analysis of the number of publications, institutions, journals, and research hotspots. Also, the paper divides CSC-PAET into two categories: wind flow control methods and fire prevention and extinguishing medias. It also provides detailed information on the research status, fire extinguishing principle, application effect, advantages, and disadvantages of each category. Finally, based on the findings and limitations of the published literature, this paper recommends that future research should focus on the microscopic mechanism of CSC reaction, strengthening the development of fire prevention and extinguishing medias and intelligent equipment, and realizing the dynamic identification, analysis and control of the whole mine fire prevention and extinguishing system, which is helpful for researchers and engineers in the field.

A novel type of ABC dry powder fire-extinguishing agent, alkaline sodium aluminum carbonate (NaAl(OH) 2 CO 3 ) dry powder fire-extinguishing agent, which is phosphorus-free and halogen-free, was investigated. In Class A and B fire tests, NaAl(OH) 2 CO 3 extinguishing agent (Na-DW) is able to extinguish Class A and B fires within 3.2 s and 0.34 s, respectively, and is 25.6% and 30.6% faster than common ABC extinguishing agent at 0.4 MPa, respectively. To explore its firefighting mechanism, the thermal decomposition of NaAl(OH) 2 CO 3 was analyzed. The pyrolysis of NaAl(OH) 2 CO 3 can be divided into two stages and stage 1 ( E  = 309.5 kJ mol −1 ) can be characterized by the diffusion model g ( α ) = (1 −  α ) −3 –1. Throughout the pyrolysis, the products CO 2 and H 2 O in the gas phase are generated, which play a crucial role during fire extinguishing. In addition, consistent with common ABC extinguishing agents, the presence of NaAlO 2 and oxides of Al in the condensed phase in the char layer of Class A fires confirms that Na-DW can also form an insulating layer, which can act as a barrier to barrier flame retardant and firefighting. Graphical abstract

Sound wave fire suppression, an emerging firefighting technology, demonstrates unique potential by regulating the physicochemical processes of flames. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in acoustic fire extinguishing technology. Through a literature review and systematic comparison of existing methodologies, it reveals the core mechanisms of flame suppression: low-frequency sound waves (40–80 Hz) disrupt combustion stability via airflow disturbance, while high-frequency waves (>1 kHz) may rely on thermal effects or resonance mechanisms, with sound pressure and waveform significantly affecting extinguishing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that acoustic cavity focusing technology extends the effective fire suppression distance to 1.8 m while improving cooling efficiency by 10–20%. Integration with drone platforms and adaptive feedback systems enhances fire extinguishing energy efficiency by over 30%. When combined with water mist, this approach reduces suppression time to 30 s while mitigating sound pressure hazards. However, the critical parameters distinguishing sound-induced “flame enhancement” from “suppression” remain undefined, with insufficient research on adaptability to solid fuels and complex environments (microgravity, confined spaces), and a lack of high-temperature-resistant acoustic materials and multi-physics coupling models. Current fire suppression technologies predominantly rely on airflow disturbance-driven indirect mechanisms, whose stability remains questionable under extreme scenarios. Future advancements require breakthroughs in acoustic metamaterials, the integration of intelligent algorithms, and the collaborative optimization of multi-technology systems to facilitate the transition of acoustic wave-based fire suppression from laboratory settings to real-world industrial firefighting applications. Additionally, this study proposes an optimized solution that integrates acoustic waves with complementary fire suppression approaches, aiming to enhance overall firefighting effectiveness. Concurrently, an interdisciplinary research framework must be established to address the dual challenges of mechanistic elucidation and practical implementation.

The susceptibility of LIBs to fire and explosion under extreme conditions has become a significant challenge for large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the suppression effect of fire-extinguishing agent on LIBs fire is still far from being satisfactory attributed to special combustion characteristics of LIBs fire. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the origin and behavior of LIBs fire, and the selection of the typical fire-extinguishing agents for LIBs. Novel fire suppression strategies are also discussed. Several agents such as liquid nitrogen, dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one (C6F12O) and water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess better fire-extinguishing and cooling capabilities. Unfortunately, there are some shortcomings that restrict their application. The ideal fire-extinguishing agents for LIBs should be both highly thermally conductive, highly electrically insulating, highly efficient in extinguishing LIBs fire, cheap, non-toxic, residue-free and toxic gases-absorbing. Some perspectives and outlooks are given that the combination of ideal fire-extinguishing agent and novel fire-extinguishing strategy can insure a high level of safety for present and future LIB-based technologies.

The issues of determination of sprinklers with electrical activation of a sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing system with electrical activation in case of fire source occurring in a compartment and activation of one of the sprinklers are investigated. The problem of preventive activation of sprinklers is formulated; its solution will allow determining the minimal quantity of sprinklers and their coordinates which will ensure localization and even extinguishing using mush less water, as if activation of sprinklers was implemented in a traditional way - by heating their bulbs with ignition products. Examples are given.

With 110 kV oil-immersed transformer as the platform, in this paper, we build a full-scale test platform covering 6 fire extinguishing (fire control) methods and different extinguishing agents, which is available for transformer fire extinguishing tests consistent with actual fire conditions. Through a transformer fire extinguishing test consistent with the real situation, we can draw that the efficiencies of different fire extinguishing methods from high to low are: fire monitor, foam fire extinguishing system (column type), water spray fire extinguishing system, foam fire extinguishing system (pipe network type), water mist fire extinguishing system, oil discharge and nitrogen injection system; Based on simulation calculations and full-scale test results, we evaluate the effectiveness of the transformer fire extinguishing systems by using the combined weight method and taking into overall consideration of factors such as fire extinguishing effect, fire extinguishing cost, system reliability, environmental protection, etc.. It is concluded that the recommended fire extinguishing methods for oil-immersed transformers from superior to inferior are in the sequences of: fire monitor system with oil-emulsified extinguishing agent, foam system with oil-emulsified extinguishing agent (column type), water spray system with oil-emulsified extinguishing agent, foam system (pipe network type), water mist system with foam extinguishing agent, oil discharge and nitrogen injection system. The conclusion provides a reference for the selection of fire extinguishing methods for oil-immersed transformers.