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This study compared the effectiveness of the ITT Night Vision Viewer with the Wide Angle Mobility Lamp (WAML) as low-vision mobility devices for people experiencing night blindness due to retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Both engineering bench testing and functional evaluations were used in the assessments. Engineering evaluations were conducted for (1) consistency of the manufacturer's specifications, (2) ergonomic characteristics, (3) modifications of devices, and (4) pedestrian safety issues. Twenty-seven patients with RP conducted rehabilitation evaluations with each device that included both clinical and functional tests. Both devices improved nighttime travel for people with night blindness as compared with nighttime travel with no device. Overall, the WAML provided better travel efficiency-equivalent to that measured in daytime. Recommendations have been developed on ergonomic factors for both devices. Although some participants preferred the ITT Night Vision Viewer, overall most participants performed better with the WAML.

According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, about 2,000 workers have a job-related eye injury that requires medical treatment each day. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has found that most eye injury accidents result from flying or falling objects or sparks striking the eye. Personal protective equipment (PPE) alone should not be relied on to protect against hazards. Use appropriate PPE in conjunction with machine guards to deflect flying particles; engineering controls to reduce eye injuries and to protect against ocular infection exposures; and sound manufacturing practices. Protective equipment for the eyes and face is designed to prevent or lessen the severity of injuries. Selection for a given task should be made based on a hazard assessment of each activity including regulatory requirements when applicable. While employees have a personal responsibility to wear required protection, employers have the added regulatory responsibility to ensure workers are wearing equipment that provides the very best protection.

Every day, workers in many locales are injured because they did not wear adequate eye and face protection. Or because they wore inadequate protection, the result of being poorly trained or not trained at all. Eye and face protection is required in workplaces ranging from paint booths and car repair shops to foundries, welding operations, and chemical manufacturing. Experts say the injuries are almost entirely preventable through adequate training and proper protection. OSHA has published non-mandatory guidelines for assessing hazards and selecting eye and face protection. OSHA points out that care should be taken to recognize the possibility of multiple and simultaneous exposure to a variety of hazards. Adequate protection against the highest level of each of the hazards should be provided. Protective devices do not provide unlimited protection.

Preventative measures ensuring proper protective eyewear would reduce the $1.25 billion in workplace costs, including worker's compensation, medical payments, productions slowdowns, etc. Fueled by fashion, protective eyewear styles are evolving daily. Safety distributors and suppliers are challenged to turn inventories and keep pace with fashion trends. Lens tints play an important role in giving wearers the appropriate eye protection for their given application. Lens tints are not the only choice to make when choosing the appropriate protective eyewear style for workers. The shape and construction of the lens play an important role in giving your workers the proper \"Optical Fit.\" One company has gained the technology to use a single lens, aspheric design and incorporate a lens that has multiple optical centers. With this lens, employers can \"Optically Fit\" all employees with one style, with no worry of their interpupillary distance's being out of the norm.

Eye injuries come at a high cost to society and are avoidable. Ocular blast injuries can be primary, from the blast wave itself; secondary, from fragments carried by the blast wind; tertiary; due to structural collapse or being thrown against a fixed object; or quaternary, from burns and indirect injuries. Ballistic eye protection significantly reduces the incidence of eye injuries and should be encouraged from an early stage in Military training. Management of an injured eye requires meticulous history taking, evaluation of vision that measures the acuity and if there is a relative pupillary defect as well as careful inspection of the eyes, under anaesthetic if necessary. A lateral canthotomy with cantholysis should be performed immediately if there is a sight-threatening retrobulbar haemorrhage. Systemic antibiotics should be prescribed if there is a suspected penetrating or perforating injury. A ruptured globe should be protected by an eye shield. Primary repair of ruptured globes should be performed in a timely fashion. Secondary procedures will often be required at a later date to achieve sight preservation. A poor initial visual acuity is not a guarantee of a poor final result. The final result can be predicted after approximately 3–4 weeks. Future research in eye injuries attempts to reduce scarring and neuronal damage as well as to promote photoreceptor rescue, using post-transcriptional inhibition of cell death pathways and vaccination to promote neural recovery. Where the sight has been lost sensory substitution of a picture from a spectacle mounted video camera to the touch receptors of the tongue can be used to achieve appreciation of the outside world.

Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation was conducted in 46 veterans hospitalized because of traumatic brain injury after blast exposure in Iraq or Afghanistan. Evidence of closed-eye injury was found in 20 of these patients. To the Editor: It was estimated in 2008 that 300,000 military personnel in the United States had blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI), the signature injury in current conflicts. 1 , 2 Of concern to ophthalmologists are ocular injuries arising from exposure to such blast forces. Penetrating eye injuries from fragmentation are readily diagnosed and managed within the military's casualty care system. 3 Closed-eye (nonpenetrating) ocular injuries may not be apparent, especially in the context of combat or altered mental status. 4 From 2006 to 2009, we evaluated 46 combat-veteran inpatients with documented TBI from blast exposure. The patients included 43 men and 3 women, . . .

No matter your experience level or budget, there is a great ski goggle waiting to be found.Goggles are an essential part of skiing or snowboarding gear to protect your eyes from harsh environmental elements and injury. In the ski goggles manufacturing industry, defects, especially on the lens surface, are unavoidable. However, defect detection and classification by visual inspection in the manufacturing process is very difficult. To overcome this problem, a novel framework based on machine vision is presented, named as the ski goggles lens defect detection, with five high-resolution cameras and custom-made lighting field to achieve a high-quality ski goggles lens image. Next, the defects on the lens of ski goggles are detected by using parallel projection in opposite directions based on adaptive energy analysis. Before being put into the classification system, the defect images are enhanced by an adaptive method based on the high-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD). Finally, dust and five types of defect images are classified into six types, i.e., dust, spotlight (type 1, type 2, type 3), string, and watermark, by using the developed classification algorithm. The defect detection and classification results of the ski goggles lens are compared to the standard quality of the manufacturer. Experiments using 120 ski goggles lens samples collected from the largest manufacturer in Taiwan are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed framework. The accurate defect detection rate is 100% and the classification accuracy rate is 99.3%, while the total running time is short. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is sound and useful for ski goggles lens inspection in industries.

Key Points Regulation of laser use is similar to that employed for X-radiation. The prime risk is associated with the unprotected eye. Damage can be instantaneous and permanent. All lasers are classified according to this risk. Regulation in the UK is through the Healthcare Commission in the implementation of internationally-accepted guidelines as to all aspects of laser safety in the dental surgery. It is the responsibility of all clinicians undertaking laser dentistry to observe safe practice and, where required, register such use with regulatory authorities. Key Points Lasers in dentistry Introduction, history of lasers and laser light production Laser-tissue interaction Low-level laser use in dentistry Lasers and soft tissue: 'loose' soft tissue surgery Lasers and soft tissue: 'fixed' soft tissue surgery Lasers and soft tissue: periodontal therapy Surgical laser use in implantology and endodontics Surgical lasers and hard dental tissue Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice Laser devices, instruments and machines vary in their potential for light energy emission from low-powered hand-held or integrated devices, to high-powered units capable of cutting and ablating tissue and materials. The safe use of lasers in dentistry extends to all personnel who might be exposed, either deliberately or by accident, and demands of the lead clinician an approach to their use in order that risk of accidental exposure to laser light is minimised. The scope for regulations extends in similar ways to those imposed on the use of ionising radiation in the dental practice. Laser safety measures in the dental surgery are often drawn from the safe approach to the use of lasers in general and other specialties in medicine and surgery. This article serves to examine the risks involved in laser use in dentistry, the regulations governing safe use and the responsibilities of personnel involved in providing treatment to patients.

Hyoscine skin patches diminish salivation by their anticholinergic action. The aim of reporting this case series is to present the ophthalmic side effects in children, and to highlight the precautions to take. Five children (two males, three females; age range 8‐18y) with quadraplegic cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System Level V) and profound intellectual impairment, wearing hyoscine skin patches to control excessive salivation, were examined. Binocular visual acuity, pupil reaction, pupil diameter, and dynamic retinoscopy were recorded before and after instilling guttae cyclopentolate 1%. The accommodative responses were compared with the expected norms. Spectacle correction was provided for refractive error and to compensate for lack of accommodation. Tinted lenses were provided for photophobia. Visual assessment was repeated 6 months later. All children had dilated pupils with a mean diameter of 7.8mm (range 7‐9mm) before instilling guttae cyclopentolate. Mean pupil constriction to bright light was only 1.8mm (range 1‐2mm). Mean resting accommodation was 0.45 dioptres (D; range 0‐1D) and no accommodative responses were detected on dynamic retinoscopy. Three children were photophobic. Visual behaviour was seen to improve after the use of appropriate spectacles. Photophobia was relieved by tinted lenses. The anticholinergic effects of hyoscine skin patches can cause photophobia and impair vision due to pupil dilatation and paralysis of accommodation. Appropriate spectacles are recommended.