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We compare visual evaluation of yolk colour estimated by the usual method applying La Roche scale with spectrophotometric determination of beta-carotene by AOAC method, and by new rapid analyser iCheckTM Egg photometer (BioAnalyt). The eggs under consideration were purchased on a current Czech market. The eggs originated from various countries and various types of breeding including some specialities. The yolk colour varied between the values of 4-13 of La Roche scale. The carotenoid content expressed as beta-carotene measured by AOAC method varied between 11-87 mg/kg. The carotenoid content expressed as beta-carotene measured with the analyser iCheckTM Egg photometer was lower and varied between 7.5-68.5 mg/kg. The correlation between the colour hue measured visually and the carotenoid content was not proved. Slovak eggs from cages which contained 28.3 mg carotenoids in 1 kg of yolk had the darkest yolks (value 13), Czech bio eggs which contained 20.2 mg carotenoids in 1 kg of yolk had the palest yolks (value 6). The highest content of carotenoids was found in eggs from home hen breeding (72.5 mg carotenoids in 1 kg of yolk) whose colour hue had the value of 10.

Background and Methods. Some obese subjects repeatedly fail to lose weight even though they report restricting their caloric intake to less than 1200 kcal per day. We studied two explanations for this apparent resistance to diet -- low total energy expenditure and underreporting of caloric intake -- in 224 consecutive obese subjects presenting for treatment. Group 1 consisted of nine women and one man with a history of diet resistance in whom we evaluated total energy expenditure and its main thermogenic components and actual energy intake for 14 days by indirect calorimetry and analysis of body composition. Group 2, subgroups of which served as controls in the various evaluations, consisted of 67 women and 13 men with no history of diet resistance. Results. Total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in the subjects with diet resistance (group 1) were within 5 percent of the predicted values for body composition, and there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in the thermic effects of food and exercise. Low energy expenditure was thus excluded as a mechanism of self-reported diet resistance. In contrast, the subjects in group 1 underreported their actual food intake by an average (+/-SD) of 47+/-16 percent and overreported their physical activity by 51 +/-75 percent. Although the subjects in group 1 had no distinct psychopathologic characteristics, they perceived a genetic cause for their obesity, used thyroid medication at a high frequency, and described their eating behavior as relatively normal (all P 0.05 as compared with group 2). Conclusions. The failure of some obese subjects to lose weight while eating a diet they report as low in calories is due to an energy intake substantially higher than reported and an overestimation of physical activity, not to an abnormality in thermogenesis

Introduction: this study addressed the relationship between self-confidence and bullying involvement among adolescent athletes and non-athletes, a topic of growing importance in the field of educational psychology and youth development. Objective: the research aimed to examine whether self-confidence, athletic participation, gender, and sport type influence bullying involvement, and to determine if athlete status moderates the relationship between self-confidence and bullying behavior among adolescents. Methodology: a quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 adolescents, categorized as athletes and non-athletes. participants completed a structured questionnaire on bullying and self-confidence. analyses included logistic regression, Chi-square tests, One-way ANOVA, MANOVA, and multiple linear regression for moderation effects. Results: the findings showed that lower self-confidence was associated with higher bullying involvement. athletes exhibited significantly lower rates of bullying than non-athletes. team sports participants reported the highest bullying scores, and males showed greater involvement than females. moderation analysis revealed that athlete status significantly weakened the relationship between self-confidence and bullying. Discussion: the results confirmed earlier research suggesting that sport participation and psychological factors jointly influence adolescent social behavior. however, differences across sport types and genders highlighted the need for more nuanced investigation into contextual variables. Conclusions: in conclusion, fostering self-confidence and promoting inclusive, supportive sport environments appears essential for mitigating bullying among adolescents. Introdução: este estúdio abordou a relação entre a autoconfianza e a implicação no relacionamento entre adolescentes deportistas e não deportistas, um tema de crescente importância no campo da psicologia educativa e do desenvolvimento juvenil. Objectivo: o objectivo da investigação foi analisar os níveis de autoconfianza, a participação desportiva, o género e o tipo de desporto influenciam significativamente a probabilidade de estar implicado em situações de agressividade, e se a condição de deportista modera a relação entre a autoconfianza e o comportamento relacionado com o acoso. Metodologia: foi empregue um desenho quantitativo de tipo transversal. a exposição foi composta por 300 adolescentes, divididos em grupos de deportistas e não deportistas, que preencheram um questionário estruturado para avaliar a implicação no abuso e na autoconfiança. as análises estadísticas incluem a regressão logística, testes Chi-quadrado, ANOVA de um fator, MANOVA e regressão linear múltipla para a análise de moderação. Resultados: os resultados mostram que uma menor autoconfianza se associou a uma maior implicação no incidente. Os deportistas apresentaram taxas de desempenho significativamente mais baixas em comparação com os não deportistas. os participantes desportivos na equipa reportavam as pontuações mais elevadas de pontuação, e os varões mostravam maiores implicações para as mulheres. a análise de moderação revelou que a condição do deportista debilitava significativamente a relação entre a autoconfianza e a agressividade. Discussão: os resultados confirmam investigações anteriores que sugerem que a participação desportiva e os factores psicológicos influenciam conjuntamente o comportamento social dos adolescentes. No entanto, as diferenças de acordo com o tipo de desporto e o género realçam a necessidade de investigações mais matizadas sobre as variáveis contextuais. Conclusões: em conclusão, fomentar a autoconfianza e promover ambientes desportivos inclusivos e de apoio resultam fundamentais para mitigar o assédio entre adolescentes. Introdução: este estúdio abordou a relação entre a autoconfianza e a implicação no relacionamento entre adolescentes deportistas e não deportistas, um tema de crescente importância no campo da psicologia educativa e do desenvolvimento juvenil. Objectivo: o objectivo da investigação foi analisar os níveis de autoconfianza, a participação desportiva, o género e o tipo de desporto influenciam significativamente a probabilidade de estar implicado em situações de agressividade, e se a condição de deportista modera a relação entre a autoconfianza e o comportamento relacionado com o acoso. Metodologia: foi empregue um desenho quantitativo de tipo transversal. a exposição foi composta por 300 adolescentes, divididos em grupos de deportistas e não deportistas, que preencheram um questionário estruturado para avaliar a implicação no abuso e na autoconfiança. as análises estadísticas incluem a regressão logística, testes Chi-quadrado, ANOVA de um fator, MANOVA e regressão linear múltipla para a análise de moderação. Resultados: os resultados mostram que uma menor autoconfianza se associou a uma maior implicação no incidente. Os deportistas apresentaram taxas de desempenho significativamente mais baixas em comparação com os não deportistas. os participantes desportivos na equipa reportavam as pontuações mais elevadas de pontuação, e os varões mostravam maiores implicações para as mulheres. a análise de moderação revelou que a condição do deportista debilitava significativamente a relação entre a autoconfianza e a agressividade. Discussão: os resultados confirmam investigações anteriores que sugerem que a participação desportiva e os factores psicológicos influenciam conjuntamente o comportamento social dos adolescentes. No entanto, as diferenças de acordo com o tipo de desporto e o género realçam a necessidade de investigações mais matizadas sobre as variáveis contextuais. Conclusões: em conclusão, fomentar a autoconfianza e promover ambientes desportivos inclusivos e de apoio resultam fundamentais para mitigar o assédio entre adolescentes.

Previous experimental research has suggested that chimpanzees may understand some of the epistemological aspects of visual perception, such as how the perceptual act of seeing can have internal mental consequences for an individual's state of knowledge. Other research suggests that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates may understand visual perception at a simpler level; that is, they may at least understand seeing as a mental event that subjectively anchors organisms to the external world. However, these results are ambiguous and are open to several interpretations. In this Monograph, we report the results of 15 studies that we conducted with chimpanzees and preschool children to explore their knowledge about visual perception. The central goal of these studies was to determine whether young chimpanzees appreciate that visual perception subjectively links organisms to the external world. In order to achieve this goal, our research incorporated three methodological objectives. First, we sought to overcome limitations of previous comparative theory of mind research by using a fairly large sample of well-trained chimpanzees (six to seven animals in all studies) who were all within 8 months of age of each other. In contrast, previous research has typically relied on the results of one to four animals ranging widely in age. Second, we designed our studies in order to allow for a very sensitive diagnosis of whether the animals possessed immediate dispositions to act in a fashion predicted by a theory of mind view of their psychology or whether their successful performances could be better explained by learning theory. Finally, using fairly well-established transitions in preschool children's understanding of visual perception, we sought to establish the validity of our nonverbal methods by testing predictions about how children of various ages ought to perform. Collectively, our findings provide little evidence that young chimpanzees understand seeing as a mental event. Although our results establish that young chimpanzees both (a) develop algorithms for tracking the visual gaze of other organisms and (b) quickly learn rules about the configurations of faces and eyes, on the one hand, and subsequent events, on the other, they provide no clear evidence that these algorithms and rules are grounded in a matrix of intentionality. Particularly striking, our results demonstrate that, even though young chimpanzee subjects spontaneously attend to and follow the visual gaze of others, they simultaneously appear oblivious to the attentional significance of that gaze. Thus, young chimpanzees possess and learn rules about visual perception, but these rules do not necessarily incorporate the notion that seeing is \"about\" something. The general pattern of our results is consistent with three different possibilities. First, the potential existence of a general developmental delay in psychological development in chimpanzees (or, more likely, an acceleration in humans) leaves open the possibility that older chimpanzees may display evidence of a mentalistic appreciation of seeing. Second, chimpanzees may possess a different (but nonetheless mentalistic) theory of attention in which organisms are subjectively connected to the world not through any particular sensory modality such as vision but rather through other (as-of-yet unspecified) behavioral indicators. Finally, a subjective understanding of visual perception (and perhaps behavior in general) may be a uniquely evolved feature of the human lineage.

Family environment, glycemic control, and the psychosocial adaptation of adults with diabetes. P M Trief , W Grant , K Elbert and R S Weinstock Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. triefp@vax.cs.hscsyears.edu Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the family system variables of adults with diabetes relate to the adequacy of metabolic control or the psychosocial adaptation to the illness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 150 insulin-requiring adults were assessed on a single occasion. They completed two family system measures (the Family Environment Scale [FES] and the Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist [DFBC]), two quality-of-life measures (the Diabetes Quality of Life Scale and the Medical Outcomes Study Health Survey-36), and one measure of cognitive appraisal (the Appraisal of Diabetes Scale). Glycemic control was assessed using HbA1c results. Demographic data (age, sex, diabetes type, duration of diabetes, and number of diabetes-related medical complications) were gathered from the patients' charts. RESULTS: Concerning glycemic control, none of the family system measures were significant predictors of HbA1c. Older age and longer duration of diabetes predicted higher HbA1c values. For psychosocial adaptation, when family members behaved in ways that supported the diabetes care regimen (measured by the DFBC), the individual with diabetes was more satisfied with his or her adaptation to the illness and reported less interference in role function due to emotional problems. Family cohesion (measured by the FES) also related to better physical function. Women reported higher levels of diabetes satisfaction. The Appraisal of Diabetes Scale predicted glycemic control and psychosocial adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: For insulin-treated adults with diabetes, family system variables do not relate to glycemic control, but they do relate to psychosocial adaptation. Future work should explore the impact of family-centered interventions on adaptation, sex differences in adaptation, and the use of the Appraisal of Diabetes Scale as a first-line clinical screening tool.

People who stop consuming caffeine may have symptoms, but the incidence and severity of caffeine withdrawal are not known. This study was performed to determine the effects in the general population of ending one's dietary intake of caffeine. Methods. We studied 62 normal adults whose intake of caffeine was low to moderate (mean amount, 235 mg -- the equivalent of 2.5 cups of coffee -- per day). They completed questionnaires about symptoms and tests of their mood and performance when consuming their normal diets (base-line period) and at the end of each of two two-day periods during which they consumed caffeine-free diets and under double-blind conditions received capsules containing placebo (placebo period) or caffeine (caffeine period) in amounts equal to their daily caffeine consumption. Results. More subjects had abnormally high Beck Depression inventory scores (11 percent), high scores on the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (8 percent), low vigor scores (11 percent) and high fatigue scores (8 percent) on the Profile of Mood States, and moderate or severe headache (52 percent) during the placebo period than during either the base-line period (2, 0, 0, 0, and 2 percent, respectively; P0.05) or the caffeine period (3, 2, 2, 0, and 6 percent; P 0.05). More subjects reported unauthorized use of medications during the placebo period (13 percent) than during the caffeine period (2 percent, P

The main aim of the article is to understand the influence of factors biasing purchase decisions connected with measurement of consumers' involvement. Consumption expenditures are purposefully subdivided according to the classification made by the Statistical Office of the European Communities. The survey showed that the most important factors influencing purchases of all commodity groups are products' characteristics and quality, and in most cases also price. The price is not important at all in the case of health products. The factor necessity of need was significant when buying all commodities with the exception of alcoholic drinks, tobacco and recreation. Former experience was not crucial for clothing, footwear and furnitures. The brand was important when buying alcoholic drinks and tobacco.

Objectives. The present study examined correlates of frequent dieting in 33 393 adolescents. It was hypothesized that frequent dieting would be correlated with negative psychosocial and health behavior outcomes. Methods. A comprehensive, school-based health behavior survey was administered in 1987 to public school students in grades 7 through 12 in Minnesota. Students self-reported dieting behavior; substance use; suicidal, sexual, and delinquent behavior; family and peer concerns; sick days; and abuse history. Differences on psychosocial and health behavior risk factors by dieting frequency and by purging status were assessed with multivariate logistic regression, with body mass index and demographic variables controlled Results. Dieting frequency was associated with history of binge eating (females: odds ratio [OR] = 1.46. males: OR = 1.53): poor body image (females: OR = 0.56, males: OR = 0.63); lower connectedness to others (females: OR = 0.79): greater alcohol use (females: OR= 1.17): and greater tobacco use (females: OR = 1.08). Purging status was independently associated with negative risk factors in both males and females. Conclusions. These findings suggest that frequent dieting efforts in adolescents should not be viewed in isolation, but rather in the broader context of health and risk-taking behaviors

The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions that teachers in urban and rural schools have of the psycho-social-environmental factors that trigger teacher work stress. Considering a phenomenological qualitative approach, with exploratory scope, a case study design is used with teachers from the locality of Collipulli, southern Chile, with a Discussion Group technique to collect data and content analysis, from which it can be inferred that teachers tend to perceive that environmental factors such as deficient leaderships, undetermined teaching roles, work overload, overcrowded classrooms, unmotivated students, and disconnection of parents from their educational role, would be the main threats to their mental health. The psychological resources, coping styles and context perception presented by the teachers in the study are discussed.

This study was conducted to test, the supposition that both smoking and consuming alcohol suppress host resistance to viral infections. This relations between smoking, alcohol consumption, and the incidence of documented clinical colds were prospectively studied among 391 subjects intentionally exposed to one of five respiratory viruses and 26 subjects given saline. Clinical colds were defined as clinical symptoms verified by the isolation of virus or by an increase in virus-specific antibody titer. Analyses included control variables for demographics; body weight; virus; and environmental, immunological and psychological factors. Smokers were at greater risk for developing colds than nonsmokers because smokers were more likely both to develop infections and to develop illness following infection. Greater number of alcoholic drinks (up to three or four per day) were with decreased risk for developing colds because drinking was associated with decreased illness following infection. However, the benefit of drinking occurred cuffed only among ken. Susceptibility to colds was increased by smoking. Although alcohol consumption did not influence risk of clinical illness for smokers, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with decreased risk for nonsmokers