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Purpose This study aims to examine how differences in the strength of interpersonal ties affect the social structure of organisational family and non-family relationships and their implications for work-related interactions. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative approach. The hypotheses were tested using multi-group analysis in PLS-SEM as implemented in WarpPLS Version. Findings The results show that both family and non-family organisational members are inclined to ask from others whom they previously have given information, implying that reciprocity in work-related interactions in the workplace is present at the dyad level. Furthermore, the existing robust strength of ties among family employees facilitate a three-way relationship where each member is responsible for the quality of work-related interactions between other members. This means that triadic communication is only present within family networks. While, the absence of strong interpersonal ties within non-family network fuels the popularity effect, where non-family employees who are perceived to be knowledgeable tend to be approached by others for work-related information. Originality/value This study brings to the fore a nuanced perspective that complements our current understanding of the implications of social relationships within family and non-family employee groups on work-related interactions in the workplace. It provides clues on how family and non-family employees identify with the firm through their informal relational embeddedness towards work-related interactions within the organisation.

Objective: This article discusses how kinship is construed and enacted in diverse forms of the family that are now part of the culturally pluralistic family system of Western societies. Background: This study is the second in a pair documenting changes over the past century in the meaning and practice of kinship in the family system of Western societies with industrialized economies. While the first paper reviewed the history of kinship studies, this companion piece shifts the focus to research explorations of kinship in alternative family forms, those that depart from the standard nuclear family structure. Method: The review was conducted running multiple searches on Google Scholar and Web of Science directly targeting nonstandard family forms, using search terms such as \"cohabitation and kinship,\" \"same-sex family and kinship,\" and \"Artificial Reproductive Technology and kinship,\" among others. About 70% of studies focused on the United States, while the remaining 30% focused on other industrialized Western societies. Results: We identified three general processes by which alternative family forms are created and discussed how kinship practices work in each of them. The first cluster of alternative family forms comes about through variations of formal marriage or its absence, including sequential marriages, plural marriages, consensual unions, single parenthood, and same-sex marriages and partnerships. The second cluster is formed as a result of alterations in the reproduction process, when a child is not the product of sexual intercourse between two people. The third cluster results from the formation of voluntary bonds that are deemed to be kinship-like, in which affiliation rests on neither biological nor legal bases. Conclusion: Findings from this study point to a broad cultural acceptance of an inclusive approach to incorporating potential kin in \"family relationships.\" It is largely left to individuals to decide whether they recognize or experience the diffuse sense of emotional connectedness and perceived obligation that characterize the bond of kinship. Also, family scripts and kinship terms often borrow from the vocabulary and parenting practices observed in the standardfamily form in the West. Concurrently, the cultural importance of biology remains strong. Implications: This study concludes by identifying important gaps in the kinship literature and laying out a research agenda for the future, including building a demography of kinship.

Research framework : Research on changes of juvenile justice has highlighted the growing emphasis on family involvement. Less attention has been paid to the socioeconomic impact of this shift, probably because of a focus on the work of social workers and how professional discourse and practices shape institutional norms in terms of “good” parenting.Objectives : This study, conducted in France, suggests shifting the focus to the reconfiguration of the social and family rhythms of mothers and fathers faced with juvenile criminal justice. Building on this work, we show that the quest for greater parental involvement tends to give parents a more central role, while obscuring the social and gender inequalities faced by these families in this judicial context. The aim is to analyze how these constraints exacerbate social inequalities.Methodology : This study is based on an ethnographic survey conducted over several months within a territorial open educational service of the French public sector of youth protection (Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse), including some fifteen interviews with young people and their parents.Results : This article examines the effects of juvenile placement and detention on families, both in terms of the reorganization of social and professional rhythms and the relationships maintained by parents with socio-judicial institutions. It shows that the burden of these ordeals varies according to social and economic resources, gender, and family configuration.Conclusions : The reconfiguration of family roles and rhythms during a period of placement or detention of young people tends to increase the burden of social and gender inequalities before penal institutions.Contribution : This analysis sheds new light on the study of changes in the juvenile criminal justice systems, based on the perspective of parents confronted with it. It shows that the logic of parental responsibility in follow-up work amplifies socioeconomic inequalities, particularly for immigrant families, and gender disparities in the reorganization of parents’ socio-professional rhythms.

Objective: This article examines how the migration behavior of older parents and adult children might be influenced by the geographical configuration of nonresident family networks and the emergence of \"linked\" life events. Background: Researchers have long pointed to the importance of intrahousehold family events as triggers for migration, yet few have detailed how choices over whether, when, and where to migrate are formed with reference to significant others outside of the household. Method: Utilizing geocoded register data for Norway, we identified intergenerational family networks comprising older parents (aged 55+) and their nonresident adult children living 20 km or more apart. We recorded the presence and location of various family ties, the occurrence of several life events, and analyzed their association with the propensity and direction of migration using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Approximately 40% of all recorded migration events (≥20km) were directed toward familial locations (i.e., within 10 km of a parent/adult child). The attractiveness of familial locations was strengthened by the colocation of multiple family members and increased with the emergence of life events typically linked to increased support-needs (e.g., separation, widowhood, and childbirth). Beyond these general patterns, variations existed according to social class, immigrant background, and gender. Conclusion: With the estimated coefficients for nonresident family ties appearing larger than many conventional predictors of migration, we call for far more attention to be paid to the links between kinship networks, care provision, and migration in contemporary society.

Throughout the world people differ in the magnitude with which they value strong family ties or heightened religiosity. We propose that this cross-cultural variation is a result of a contingent psychological adaptation that facilitates in-group assortative sociality in the face of high levels of parasite-stress while devaluing in-group assortative sociality in areas with low levels of parasite-stress. This is because in-group assortative sociality is more important for the avoidance of infection from novel parasites and for the management of infection in regions with high levels of parasite-stress compared with regions of low infectious disease stress. We examined this hypothesis by testing the predictions that there would be a positive association between parasite-stress and strength of family ties or religiosity. We conducted this study by comparing among nations and among states in the United States of America. We found for both the international and the interstate analyses that in-group assortative sociality was positively associated with parasite-stress. This was true when controlling for potentially confounding factors such as human freedom and economic development. The findings support the parasite-stress theory of sociality, that is, the proposal that parasite-stress is central to the evolution of social life in humans and other animals.

Research Framework: The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures issued, such as physical distancing and lockdown, have affected social and family ties. These constraints have forced people to reexamine their family and conjugal relationship, the management of family and professional time, their intergenerational connections, and life transitions. Either exacerbating the tensions on conjugal and family life or strengthening these links, this pandemic has also provided an opportunity to explore on new strategies for living together. Objectives: This article offers an overview of the effects and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on families and their members. Methodology: This article is based on a literature review from various social science disciplines. Results: Partial insights were provided on the following questions: What effects did the pandemic have on families and family members? How did families manage the pandemic’s economic consequences? What were the repercussions of health measures that were put in place to counter the spread of COVID-19 on couples, children, intergenerational relationships, and mental health? How were mortuary rites and mourning processes affected? Conclusion: This article contributes, beyond the individual and social hardships resulting from COVID-19, to show familial – generational and community – solidarity and resiliency that have emerged, as well as the ways in which families and their members have coped and organized themselves during the pandemic. Contribution: Throughout history, societies have been confronted with epidemics that have affected all spheres of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has once again highlighted the importance, fragility and strength of the social and family ties, along with the challenges of living together.

Research Framework: The pandemic has disrupted the daily lives of families for over a year. In addition to the fears and uncertainties associated with COVID-19, the pandemic has required the redefinition of many daily routines, including leisure activities, access to services, work, schooling and interpersonal relationships. Children, who are unlikely to have COVID-19, have nonetheless experienced the impact of social and health measures put in place to address it. Objectives: Using a child-based approach, this article seeks to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social and health measures have affected the lives of families, particularly the grandparents/grandchildren relationship. Methodology: This study uses a longitudinal qualitative design with three measurement times according to the various key moments of the pandemic. A total of 154 children and adolescents were interviewed three times in semi-structured interviews via Zoom. Results: The results highlights the ways in which grandchildren and grandparents adapted to maintain their relationship during the pandemic. From this study, we find that grandchildren are concerned about their grandparents’ health, but still want face-to-face contact with them, despite the risks. Conclusions: The relationship between grandchildren and their grandparents is an emotional and lasting one that endures and adapts in times of crisis. Contribution: This article gives an account of the importance of grandparents in the lives of their grandchildren, particularly in times of crisis. It also provides a better understand of how families have adapted during the pandemic.

We study the importance of family ties on economic behavior. We define our measure of family ties using individual responses from the World Value Survey (WVS) regarding the role of the family and the love and respect that children are expected to have for their parents in 81 countries. We show that with strong family ties home production is higher and families larger, labor force participation of women and youngsters, and geographical mobility lower. To assess causality, we look at the behavior of second generation immigrants. Our results overall indicate a significant influence of the strength of family ties on economic outcomes.

Research Framework: When, in the 1980s, Malian immigrant couples chose to settle in France, they found themselves caught up in a system of “mutilated kinship” caused by emigration (Barou, 1991). A veritable “work of kinship” (di Leonardo, 1987) is required to maintain links with relatives who have remained in Mali, and to pass on to children born and socialized in France a sense of belonging to the family group, despite the distance.Objectives: This article looks at how children born in France in the 1980s and mid-1990s are socialized to family and transnational ties during their childhood and preadolescence - i.e., before their first stays in Mali.Methodology: The 50 in-depth life story interviews conducted out with ten Malian immigrant families enable us to reconstruct family socialization universes in retrospect.Results: I show at first that the recounting of the parental past, more than intergenerational transmission of first names, constructs affiliation to the family line. I then highlight how parental practices of mutual aid and welcoming transnational relatives to France help accustom children to their future duty of transnational redistribution and solidarity. Finally, I outline the socializing effects of regular visits to migrant workers’ hostels, where male relatives reside, by highlighting the gendered dimension of this socialization.Conclusions: Through these three processes of family socialization, children learn gendered family and transnational roles, even if their boundaries are partly blurred by migration. Sons learn above all an economic sense of family (sending money to relatives in Mali and supporting the family in France), while daughters are more socialized to a matrimonial sense of the family (marrying a male Malian relative and perpetuating the lineage).Contribution: At the crossroads of the sociology of socialization, the family and migration, this text contributes to our knowledge of the ordinary life of immigrant and/or transnational families, by emphasizing the socializing effects of transnational family configurations and their gendered variations.

Since 2000, approximately 440,000 Mexicans have migrated to the United States every year. Tens of thousands have left children behind in Mexico to do so. For these parents, migration is a sacrifice. What do parents expect to accomplish by dividing their families across borders? How do families manage when they are living apart? More importantly, do parents' relocations yield the intended results? Probing the experiences of migrant parents, children in Mexico, and their caregivers, Joanna Dreby offers an up-close and personal account of the lives of families divided by borders. What she finds is that the difficulties endured by transnational families make it nearly impossible for parents' sacrifices to result in the benefits they expect. Yet, paradoxically, these hardships reinforce family members' commitments to each other. A story both of adversity and the intensity of family ties, Divided by Borders is an engaging and insightful investigation of the ways Mexican families struggle and ultimately persevere in a global economy.