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"FARM LABOR"
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Conservation Payments, Liquidity Constraints, and Off-Farm Labor: Impact of the Grain-for-Green Program on Rural Households in China
This study evaluates the labor response of rural households participating in the Grain-for-Green program in China, the largest payments for ecosystem services program in the developing world. Using a panel data set that we designed and implemented, we find that the participating households are increasingly shifting their labor endowment from on-farm work to the off-farm labor market. However, the effects vary depending on the initial level of human and physical capital. The results support the view that one reason why the participants are more likely to find off-farm employment is because the program is relaxing households' liquidity constraints.
Journal Article
No man’s land
From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor recruitment systems represented a state-brokered compromise between employers who wanted foreign workers and those who feared rising numbers of immigrants. Unlike immigrants, guestworkers couldn't settle, bring their families, or become citizens, and they had few rights. Indeed, instead of creating a manageable form of migration, guestworker programs created an especially vulnerable class of labor.
Based on a vast array of sources from U.S., Jamaican, and English archives, as well as interviews,No Man's Landtells the history of the American \"H2\" program, the world's second oldest guestworker program. Since World War II, the H2 program has brought hundreds of thousands of mostly Jamaican men to the United States to do some of the nation's dirtiest and most dangerous farmwork for some of its biggest and most powerful agricultural corporations, companies that had the power to import and deport workers from abroad. Jamaican guestworkers occupied a no man's land between nations, protected neither by their home government nor by the United States. The workers complained, went on strike, and sued their employers in class action lawsuits, but their protests had little impact because they could be repatriated and replaced in a matter of hours.
No Man's Landputs Jamaican guestworkers' experiences in the context of the global history of this fast-growing and perilous form of labor migration.
eBook
Câesar Châavez : fighting for migrant farmworkers
Câesar Châavez is best known for uniting Mexican American farmworkers and for his efforts to obtain civil rights for his people. He followed the nonviolent methods of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. A dedicated, stubborn religious leader, Châavez stuck to his cause in spite of tremendous obstacles. With numerous documented quotes from Châavez, union members, and even Pope Paul VI, the Châavez story recounts his difficult early life and how he inspired countless people to advocate for farmworker justice. Students will be guided through their reading with a glossary of important words, a timeline, and references for further reading on the topic.
Book
Immigration Reform and Farm Labor Markets
Farmers throughout the United States report a shortage of workers. At the same time, there are proposals to strengthen the enforcement of existing immigration laws. In this paper, we develop an equilibrium approach to examine the impact of removing undocumented workers from the California agricultural labor market, and to infer whether there is evidence of shortages using individual-worker data. We find evidence that is consistent with a persistent shortage in some sub-sectors of the California farm labor market. Further, we conduct counter-factual policy simulations over a range of possible policy alternatives, and find that removing 50% all undocumented farm workers from the state would lead to an increase in wages of over 22%.
Journal Article
Cesar Chavez : champion for civil rights
Meet Cesar Chavez. He was a Mexican-American farmworker and civil rights activist. Cesar spent many years picking crops. He worked with his family and a lot of other farmworkers. Cesar never forgot how hard the work wasor how unfairly pickers were treated. As an adult, he fought to improve the lives of all farmworkers in America.
Book
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF RURAL WOMEN IN IMPROVING FARM INCOME AND LIVING STANDARDS
This study aimed to determine the contribution of women in diversifying sources of farm income, thereby improving the standard of living of the rural family, through their work in various primary and secondary agricultural production activities. Rural women in Iraq constitute a large part of the family's farm work. In addition to her paid work on other farms. Despite the significant role of rural women's contribution to production processes. However, the percentage of their participation in some agricultural operations is less than that of men due to their limited control over production and marketing decisions. This is reflected negatively in their ability to generate income. The research used cross-sectional data for a random sample that included (384) women from separate rural areas in Baghdad governorate to determine the effect of the working hours of women and men in addition to the number of animals owned by women on the size of the total farm income through the use of the OLS model, the ordinary least squares method with the double logarithmic formula. The results showed that increasing the number of working hours for women positively affects the increase in farm income. Moreover, the size of the parameters of women's work in animal production activity (0.16) and industry (0.15) were more influential than men's work (0.08(. As for the plant production side (0.26), its effect was less than that of men due to the existence of some activities that are specific to women rather than to men. Therefore, the research recommends the need for programs related to developing the skills of rural women in all agricultural activities, providing health and educational care for women, and empowering women financially and technically to increase their contribution to income generation and improve the standard of living for the family.
Journal Article
Câesar Châavez : civil rights activist
\"Describes the life and accomplishments of Câesar Châavez\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Impact of Coupled and Decoupled Government Subsidies on Off-Farm Labor Participation of U.S. Farm Operators
With the 1996 Farm Act, the United States introduced payments that were designed to be \"decoupled.\" Labor allocation choices are likely to be affected by receipt of payments, and income from off-farm jobs has been the major source of income for most farm households for sometime. This article examines whether the 1996 change has affected the off-farm labor participation of farm households. We conclude that the observed increase in off-farm participation of farm operators who received payments was not the result of the 1996 policy change. Government payments, whether coupled or decoupled, have a negative effect on off-farm labor participation.
Journal Article