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This research examined the feeding rate optimization in TGGG (♀ tiger grouper × ♂ giant grouper) hybrid grouper cultivation. Feeding optimization is pivotal for cost efficiency in fish farming. This experimental research was conducted for 30 days using TGGG hybrid grouper fingerlings with an average size of 24.76 g (±1.67 g). Different feeding rates were applied in the treatments (4% fish biomass per day in treatment A, 5% in treatment B, and 6% in treatment C) with 2 repetitions of each treatment. Treatment A showed the best outcomes with the highest growth (WGR 38.0% and SGR 1.04% day-1), the most efficient FCR (i.e 3.69) and the highest BCR (i.e 1.08). To conclude, the optimal feeding rates include 4.10% fish biomass per day for BCR, 4.19% fish biomass per day for FCR, and 4.23% fish biomass per day for both WGR and SGR.

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is one of the leading aquaculture commodities in Indonesia. Artificial feed enrichment with nutraceutical ingredients can enhance fish immunity and growth. This research used bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) liquid to enrich the artificial feed for barramundi culture. The effect of the enrichment on the growth performance (specific growth rate - SGR, and weight gain rate - WGR), survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and economic returns (benefit cost ratio - BCR) of barramundi were then examined. The experiment was conducted for 53 days using fingerlings with an initial average weight of 11.10±0.28 g per fish, reared in 0.5 m3 tanks stocked with 34 fish per tank. Commercial pellets were enriched with bay leaf liquid in three different dosages: 1% (treatment A), 2% (treatment B), and 3% (treatment C). Fish were fed at 4% of biomass per day. This research found that the WGR ranged from 72.64 to 73.98%, SGR ranged from 2.50 to 2.60% day-1, SR ranged from 94 to 100%, FCR ranged from 1.34 to 1.46, and BCR ranged from 1.96 to 2.11. Treatment B showed the best overall performance, although statistical analysis indicated no significant differences among treatments. The optimization analysis suggested that the optimal dosage was between 1.7 and 1.8%, while the path analysis revealed a strong relationship between technical aspects (SGR, FCR, SR) and financial aspects (BCR).

Multinucleation is a hallmark of osteoclast maturation. The unique and dynamic multinucleation process not only increases cell size but causes functional alterations through reconstruction of the cytoskeleton, creating the actin ring and ruffled border that enable bone resorption. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast multinucleation has advanced considerably in this century, especially since the identification of DC-STAMP and OC-STAMP as “master fusogens”. Regarding the molecules and pathways surrounding these STAMPs, however, only limited progress has been made due to the absence of their ligands. Various molecules and mechanisms other than the STAMPs are involved in osteoclast multinucleation. In addition, several preclinical studies have explored chemicals that may be able to target osteoclast multinucleation, which could enable us to control pathogenic bone metabolism more precisely. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries regarding the STAMPs and other molecules involved in osteoclast multinucleation.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is comprised of tiny, cheap and power-efficient sensor nodes which effectively transmit data to the base station. The main challenge of WSN is the distance, energy and time delay. The power resource of the sensor node is a non-rechargeable battery. Here the greater the distance between the nodes, higher the energy consumption. For having the effective transmission of data with less energy, the cluster-head approach is used. It is well known that the time delay is directly proportional to the distance between the nodes and the base station. The cluster head is selected in such a way that it is spatially closer enough to the base station as well as the sensor nodes. So, the time delay can be substantially reduced. This, in turn, the transmission speed of the data packets can be increased. Firefly algorithm is developed for maximizing the energy efficiency of network and lifetime of nodes by selecting the cluster head optimally. In this paper firefly with cyclic randomization is proposed for selecting the best cluster head. The network performance is increased in this method when compared to the other conventional algorithms.

The objective of this research is to investigate the use of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) as a supplement in feed for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) farming to optimize the growth, survival, feed efficiency, and profitability. This research was conducted in 40 days, using Asian seabass seeds with an average size of 12.04 grams per fish. Four different treatments with two replications were conducted. Each group was given different dose of Javanese turmeric in the feed (5% for treatment A, 3% for treatment B, 1.5% for treatment C, and 0.5% for treatment D). Water quality parameters were evaluated every week, including dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, temperature, and pH. The results indicated that treatment A (5% Javanese turmeric) gained the most optimal specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) variables, whereas treatment B (3% Javanese turmeric) showed the best survival rate (SR). Furthermore, optimization modelling indicated the most optimal doses of Javanese turmeric

In an increasingly dynamic power system with growing integration of renewable energy sources, real-time monitoring of primary frequency regulation—or Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR)—is essential for maintaining system stability and operational reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to FCR monitoring based on high-resolution, time-synchronized measurements provided by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), with a focus on hydropower plants as primary FCR providers due to their flexibility and rapid response capabilities. The need for accurate and granular FCR monitoring arises from the limitations of traditional SCADA-based systems, which often lack sufficient temporal resolution and synchronization to capture dynamic frequency response behaviour. By contrast, PMUs enable precise tracking of frequency deviations, generator reaction times, and control characteristics such as droop and deadband. This enables a signal-based evaluation of each unit’s contribution to FCR, offering valuable insights into underperformance, delays, or asymmetric responses. However, signal analysis alone is not sufficient to fully evaluate FCR compliance. Therefore, the proposed monitoring framework integrates PMU-based detection performed within the WAMSTER platform with operational data collected from generating units via the PI AVEVA system. While WAMSTER verifies actual frequency response using synchrophasor data, PI AVEVA provides contextual information including production schedules, temporary limitations, and technological constraints. Based on this data, the expected FCR contribution is calculated for each unit, allowing for a comparison between expected and actual response. The monitoring architecture is realized through standardized protocols: IEEE C37.118 for real-time synchrophasor exchange between WAMSTER and PI AVEVA, and IEC 60870-5-104 for communication between local plant systems and PI AVEVA. The result is a scalable and modular system capable of providing system operators and analysts with an integrated, data-driven platform for comprehensive FCR evaluation and reporting. This paper outlines the development of the monitoring solution, including the design of the application, integration of PMU and plant data, and a case study focused on hydropower implementation. The findings highlight how combining PMU technology with contextual operational data provides a more complete understanding of FCR delivery, improves transparency, and supports compliance with regulatory requirements in modern, decarbonizing power systems.

Lipid cell membranes not only represent the physical boundaries of cells. They also actively participate in many cellular processes. This contribution is facilitated by highly complex mixtures of different lipids and incorporation of various membrane proteins. One group of membrane-associated receptors are Fc receptors (FcRs). These cell-surface receptors are crucial for the activity of most immune cells as they bind immunoglobulins such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). Based on distinct mechanisms of IgG binding, two classes of Fc receptors are now recognized: the canonical type I FcγRs and select C-type lectin receptors newly referred to as type II FcRs. Upon IgG immune complex induced cross-linking, these receptors are known to induce a multitude of cellular effector responses in a cell-type dependent manner, including internalization, antigen processing, and presentation as well as production of cytokines. The response is also determined by specific intracellular signaling domains, allowing FcRs to either positively or negatively modulate immune cell activity. Expression of cell-type specific combinations and numbers of receptors therefore ultimately sets a threshold for induction of effector responses. Mechanistically, receptor cross-linking and localization to lipid rafts, i.e., organized membrane microdomains enriched in intracellular signaling proteins, were proposed as major determinants of initial FcR activation. Given that immune cell membranes might also vary in their lipid compositions, it is reasonable to speculate, that the cell membrane and especially lipid rafts serve as an additional regulator of FcR activity. In this article, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the interplay of lipid rafts and IgG binding FcRs with a focus on the plasma membrane composition and receptor localization in immune cells, the proposed mechanisms underlying this localization and consequences for FcR function with respect to their immunoregulatory capacity.

Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the most widely used and characterized immunotherapy for hematologic and solid tumors. The significance of this therapy is their direct and indirect effects on tumor cells, facilitated by the antibody’s antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and fragment crystallizable region (Fc region), respectively. The Fab can modulate the function of cell surface markers on tumor cells in an agonistic or antagonistic manner, whereas the Fc region can be recognized by an Fc receptor (FcR) on leukocytes through which various effector functions, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), can be elicited. This process is a key cytolytic mechanism of natural killer (NK) cells. These innate lymphocytes in the human body recognize tumor-bound antibodies exclusively by the IgG Fc receptor CD16A (FcγRIIIA). Two allelic versions of CD16A bind IgG with either lower or higher affinity. Cancer patients homozygous for the higher affinity allele of CD16A have been reported to respond significantly better to mAb therapies for various malignancies. These studies revealed that mAb therapy efficacy positively correlates with higher affinity binding to CD16A. Approaches to enhance tumor antigen targeting by NK cells by modifying the Fc portion of antibodies or the FcR on NK cells are the focus of this review.

-associated necrotic enteritis (NE) is a serious problem affecting broiler production. A major global challenge is to reduce the use of antibiotics in poultry industry due to their negative impacts on public health. One alternative is to use nanoparticles (NPs) to overcome bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) showed strong antimicrobial activity. A total of 120 Cobb broiler chicks (1-day old) were obtained for this study and were divided into 4 equal groups at age of 14 days (30 birds each); each group was subdivided into 3 equal replicates (10 birds each). The groups were designated as follows: G1, infected; G2, infected and treated with Ag NPs; G3, treated with Ag NPs; and G4, negative control. Birds were infected with 4×10 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL/bird type A for 2 successive days. In the treated groups, Ag NPs (mean diameter 15 nm; total dose 150 µg/bird) were administered via crop gavage. During the observation period (5 weeks), bird performance and immune organ indexes were recorded. Serum samples were collected for immunological evaluation, and tissue samples were collected for histopathology and estimation of Ag NPs residues. Treatment with Ag NPs reduced the colonization of in the intestine and ceca, decreased the severity of clinical signs and reduced mortalities in comparison with infected non-treated group. Ag NPs treatment alleviated pathological lesions in the intestine and liver, but their residues were found in the muscles. Ag NPs have a positive impact on gut health integrity while having no impact on immune organs. Ag NPs have some residues in muscles; therefore, further studies are needed on the concentration and size of Ag NPs, the route of administration, and withdrawal time to ensure the safety of chicken meat for human consumption.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing macrophages (CAR-M) have a great potential to improve cancer therapy, as shown from several recent preclinical studies. However, unlike CAR-T cell therapy, which has been widely studied, the efficacy and limitations of CAR-M cells remain to be established. To address this issue, in the present study, we compared three intracellular signaling domains (derived from common γ subunit of Fc receptors (FcRγ), multiple EGF-like-domains protein 10 (Megf10), and the CD19 cytoplasmic domain that recruits the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), respectively) for their ability to promote primary CAR-M functions, and investigated the potential synergistic effect between CAR-M and CAR-T cells in their ability to kill tumor cells. We found that CAR-MFcRγ exerted more potent phagocytic and tumor-killing capacity than CAR-MMegf10 and CAR-MPI3K. CAR-M and CAR-T demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity against tumor cells in vitro. Mechanistically, the inflammatory factors secreted by CAR-T increased the expression of costimulatory ligands (CD86 and CD80) on CAR-M and augmented the cytotoxicity of CAR-M by inducing macrophage M1 polarization. The upregulated costimulatory ligands may promote the fitness and activation of CAR-T cells in turn, achieving significantly enhanced cytotoxicity. Taken together, our study demonstrated for the first time that CAR-M could synergize with CAR-T cells to kill tumor cells, which provides proof-of-concept for a novel combinational immunotherapy.