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"FEEDING HABITS"
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Evidence of microplastics in the polychaete worm (capitellids—Capitella capitata) (Fabricicus, 1780) along Thoothukudi region
Research on the occurrence of microplastics in invertebrates of the Thoothukudi region is limited. Capitellids are non-selective suspension feeders and are usually used as bioindicator of water pollution. Hence, an investigation was carried out to identify the microplastic occurrence in the capitellids (
Capitella capitata
) (Fabricius, 1780) collected from the Vellapatti and Spic Nagar sites of the Thoothukudi region. Result from this investigation showed the occurrence of 0.21 ± 0.17 items/indiv and a mean abundance of 13.33% in Thoothukudi coast. The mean microplastic abundance in the capitellids was significantly higher in the Spic Nagar (0.26 ± 0.19 MPs/indiv), probably due to the dumping of plastic waste, fishing and recreational activities. However, no significant difference was observed between seasons. Only fragments (Vellapatti 66.66% and Spic Nagar 33.33%) and fibre-shaped microplastics (Vellapatti 50% and Spic Nagar 50%) were identified
.
The size and colour of the microplastics dominant in both sites were 1–2 mm (Vellapatti 77.77% and Spic Nagar 75%) and blue (Vellapatti 88.88% and Spic Nagar 87.5%), respectively. The results of Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) polymers in the capitellids
.
PE polymer is one of the most common sources of microplastics contamination globally and it is also frequently found in the coastal waters of Thoothukudi. This accounted for the high occurrence of PE polymers in the capitellids with the occurrence rate of 77% in Vellapatti and 58.52% in Spic Nagar. The present study provides baseline data on the occurrence, characterization (shapes, sizes and colours) and qualitative analysis of the microplastics in the capitellids, and their presence was influenced by their non-selective feeding habits. Further, future studies have to be conducted to identify the levels of microplastics in different polychaetes and other invertebrates to better understand the effects of microplastic pollution in invertebrate communities.
Journal Article
Ingestion of microplastics in commercially important species along Thoothukudi coast, south east India
Microplastics pollute the marine environment and pose a greater risk to marine organisms. The microplastics were observed in the guts of the 12 species, which varied from 0.00 to 1.80 ± 1.19 particles /individual. Most of the microplastics were fibre shaped, 0.5–1 mm sized, blue-coloured, and polyethylene polymers. The abundance of the microplastics was higher for benthic species (0.66 ± 0.13 particles/ individual) than the pelagic species (0.53 ± 0.11 particles/individual), with no significant difference (p > 0.05). According to their feeding habits and trophic level, significantly the microplastics were abundant in the herbivores (1.23 ± 0.61 particles/individual) and quaternary consumers (0.76 ± 0.16 particles/individual), respectively. The present study suggests that microplastic ingestion in commercially important species was influenced by their feeding habits irrespective of their habitat and length and weight. In addition to this, biomagnification of the microplastics (Trophic Magnification Factor, TMF = 1.02) was also observed in the commercially important species with increasing trophic level. This further indicates that the trophic level can serve as the pathway for the transfer of microplastics from lower trophic level organisms to higher trophic level organisms. The present study concludes that the occurrence of biomagnification of microplastics and the pollutants absorbed by them might harm the commercially important species from the Thoothukudi region.
Journal Article
Edible economics : a hungry economist explains the world
\"Bestselling author and economist Ha-Joon Chang makes challenging economic ideas delicious by plating them alongside stories about food from around the world, using the diverse histories behind familiar food items to explore economic theory. For Chang, chocolate is a lifelong addiction, but more exciting are the insights it offers into postindustrial knowledge economies; and while okra makes Southern gumbo heart-meltingly smooth, it also speaks of capitalism's entangled relationship with freedom. Myth-busting, witty, and thought-provoking, Edible Economics serves up a feast of bold ideas about globalization, climate change, immigration, austerity, automation, and why carrots need not be orange. It shows that getting to grips with the economy is like learning a recipe: when we understand it, we can adapt and improve it--and better understand our world.\"--Front book jacket flap.
Book
Investigation of inter-annual variation in the feeding habits of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and mackerels (Scomber spp.) in the Western North Pacific based on bulk and amino acid stable isotopes
Inter-annual variation in the feeding habits and food sources of Japanese sardine and mackerel at age-0 and age-1+ caught in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zone of the Western North Pacific were investigated based on analyses of bulk stable isotopes ( δ 13 C, δ 15 N) and amino acid nitrogen isotopes ( δ 15 N AA ). Differences in δ 13 C and δ 15 N between Japanese sardine and mackerel were small for age-0, and inter-annual variation trends were similar, suggesting they depend on similar food sources in the same food web at this age. In contrast, inter-annual variation in δ 13 C and δ 15 N were significantly different between both species at age-1+, and both δ 15 N of phenylalanine ( δ 15 N Phe : an indicator of nitrogen source) and trophic position estimated from δ 15 N AA (TP AA ) were higher in mackerel, suggesting that the two species depend on distinct food webs as they age. Inter-annual variations in δ 15 N Phe were considered to have different causes for the two species; differences in food web structure due to the degree of southward intrusion of the Oyashio Current for Japanese sardine, compared to a shift in migration area and depth for mackerel. Furthermore, competition for food due to the recent increases in the population densities of both fishes appeared to be reflected in increased TP AA of mackerel. Although they are caught in the same region, the mechanism of variation in food sources differs because of differences in migration area, depth, and feeding habits. Differences in the feeding habits of Japanese sardine and mackerel may affect trophic status and spawning characteristics, potentially leading to different shifts in stock abundances.
Journal Article
Dietary shift for juvenile freshwater redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus): A review
The freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens, 1868), also known as the redclaw, is a freshwater lobster (crustacean) that has the potential to be developed as a consumption commodity. The development of lobster cultivation can be carried out using an intensive system. The juvenile production is one of the important keys to produce lobster in consumption size. The productivity of the juvenile stage must be supported by growth and survival. Appropriate feed is one of the important keys that influences the growth and survival of juvenile. Information regarding the nutrients needed by juvenile has to be conveyed in a comprehensive manner to be useful for lobster cultivation development efforts. This review article aims to elaborate on nutrient requirements and the metabolic role of these nutrients for juvenile redclaw. The review was carried out by studying various Indonesian national and international articles, which discussed redclaw related subjects, such as natural food and the role of feed nutrients in the growth of juvenile. The review results show that one of the important problems in the aquaculture of redclaw was the growth and survival of juveniles. Juveniles showed non-selective feeding behavior. However, there was ontogenetic dietary shift. Redclaw feeding habits were characterized by exogenous feeding and, in general, detritivorous or omnivorous. Naturally, redclaw fed mostly on decayed plants and animals, macroinvertebrates, detritus, macrophytes, and fish. Juvenile redclaw showed filter-feeding and scraping behavior, being non-selective feeders. In cultivation environments, some studies have shown that juvenile redclaw fed on Alona sp., Daphnia sp., Artemia sp., blood worms, silkworm, and some combinations with other organic matter such as rice flour, carrot, golden snail, earthworms, and anchovies. There was a relationship between the composition of nutrients and feeding habit, ontogenetic dietary shift, and its metabolism of enzymes. Juvenile redclaws need proteins more than carbohydrates and lipids, although the overall nutrient intake of vitamins and minerals is important for growth and survival.
Journal Article
Age, growth and feeding habit of Watases lanternfish Diaphus watasei (Pisces: Myctophidae) in the East China Sea
Life history characteristics of Watases lanternfish Diaphus watasei from a deep sea fishing ground of the East China Sea were studied. Overall, 452 adult individuals with standard length ranging from 91 to 147 mm were collected in the continental slope during 3 years. The growth pattern and hatching date were inferred from otolith microstructure analysis, and the stomach contents were examined to clarify feeding ecology. Three distinct zones of the otolith microstructure were depicted, the numbers of increments in the central and middle zones of the D. watasei otolith are in the lowest level in myctophid species studied. The maximum number of growth increments indicated a short lifespan of 2 years. The spawning time almost lasted throughout the year, and then two cohorts were separated according to the estimated hatching time. The length–weight relationship revealed a negative allometric pattern and significant difference between the two cohorts, and a significant seasonal difference was also detected in somatic growth pattern. A piscivorous habit dominated by Maurolicus muelleri was revealed across sampling seasons and standard length groups. Overall, D. watasei show distinct life history characteristics compared to coinhabiting myctophids, and such characteristics could reduce interspecific competition.
Journal Article
Feeding Habits of Mene maculata (Teleostei: Menidae) in the Southwestern Waters of Taiwan, Western Pacific Ocean
This study investigated the feeding habits of moonfish (Mene maculata) in the waters of southwestern Taiwan in the Western Pacific Ocean using commercial trawling nets and Taiwanese purse seines. For this, we analyzed the body size and stomach content of moonfish specimens collected from the study area between January and December 2023. The length–weight relationship revealed hypoallometric growth patterns in both male and female specimens, with allometric coefficients of 2.6574 and 2.7219, respectively. Stomach content analysis indicated that the specimens primarily fed on Calanoida (zooplankton; %PSIRI = 36.79) and Benthosema pterotum (fish; %PSIRI = 19.23). Dietary composition varied with body size and sampling time. Larger individuals consumed higher proportions of fish. The percentage of empty stomachs was high, likely attributable to the fishing gear used and sampling time. Based on the results of this study, it is speculated that moonfish feed mainly before early morning or at other times during the day.
Journal Article
Cone Snail Broad-Transcriptomics Elucidate the Evolutionary Diversification and Anti-Microbial Potential of Conopeptides
Conus venoms are both highly powerful and complex, exhibiting a remarkably intriguing molecular variability. The biologic reasons behind such astonishing molecular diversity are yet to be fully understood. We hypothesized that the current knowledge has been hampered by a lack of studies targeting the whole Conus genus backed by a feeding habit analysis, as opposed to the abundant studies focused on single species or at the individual level. We aim to enlighten the understanding of the remarkable venom variability in cone snails while pushing to deliver novel peptides for biomedical applications through a broad transcriptomics approach. Here, we assessed 76 publicly available venom-related and unrelated transcriptomes from a total of 20 different Conus species. The shared transcriptomic repertoire revealed several gene variations in accordance with predatory diets (e.g., gene loss in piscivorous species), indicating that feeding habit largely influences venom evolution. Furthermore, evidences of ubiquitous symbiotic relationships within the venom organs were depicted, as biological processes alien to Conus species (e.g., Sorocarp morphogenesis) were found in all analyzed transcriptomes. Moreover, 88 potential anti-microbial peptides were bioinformatically detected, including one showing similarity with the human ACE2 receptor. Our study highlights the importance of in-depth comparative transcriptomic analyses, fostering cross-field synergic assessments by relying on informatic, biologic, and pharmacologic resources.
Journal Article