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Indigenous Motherhood in the Academy highlights the experiences and narratives emerging from Indigenous mothers in the academy who are negotiating their roles in multiple contexts. The essays in this volume contribute to the broader higher education literature and the literature on Indigenous representation in the academy, filling a longtime gap that has excluded Indigenous women scholar voices. This book covers diverse topics such as the journey to motherhood, lessons through motherhood, acknowledging ancestors and grandparents in one's mothering, how historical trauma and violence plague the past, and balancing mothering through the healing process. More specific to Indigenous motherhood in the academy is how culture and place impacts mothering (specifically, if Indigenous mothers are not in their traditional homelands as they raise their children), how academia impacts mothering, how mothering impacts scholarship, and how to negotiate loss and other complexities between motherhood and one's role in the academy.

Here we show the extent to which the expected world population growth could be lowered by successfully implementing the recently agreed-upon Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs include specific quantitative targets on mortality, reproductive health, and education for all girls by 2030, measures that will directly and indirectly affect future demographic trends. Based on a multidimensional model of population dynamics that stratifies national populations by age, sex, and level of education with educational fertility and mortality differentials, we translate these goals into SDG population scenarios, resulting in population sizes between 8.2 and 8.7 billion in 2100. Because these results lie outside the 95% prediction range given by the 2015 United Nations probabilistic population projections, we complement the study with sensitivity analyses of these projections that suggest that those prediction intervals are too narrow because of uncertainty in baseline data, conservative assumptions on correlations, and the possibility of new policies influencing these trends. Although the analysis presented here rests on several assumptions about the implementation of the SDGs and the persistence of educational, fertility, and mortality differentials, it quantitatively illustrates the view that demography is not destiny and that policies can make a decisive difference. In particular, advances in female education and reproductive health can contribute greatly to reducing world population growth.

\"Nadezhda Krupskaya and the New View of Radical Society in Russia reassesses the Russian Revolution and Soviet state formation from the perspective of Nadezhda Krupskaya, Lenin's wife. Dr. M.A. Iasilli breathes new life into the revolutionary story and demonstrates the intersectional tendency between gender and national development\"-- Provided by publisher.

Entertaining movies addressing both individual values and marriageability can provide a way to change cultural attitudes towards female genital cutting within certain cultures. Attitudes towards female genital cutting As the world starts to feel smaller and globalization pulls those with different cultural attitudes together, navigating the inevitable social and cultural conflicts that result will increase in importance. One such contentious and controversial cultural practice is female genital cutting. Ernst Fehr and colleagues used control and treatment movies to educate societies in which cutting occurs and measured implicit attitudes towards cutting in a randomized experiment. These treatment movies raised awareness and changed attitudes towards cutting in a positive manner as compared to controls, with a modest persistent effect. Highlighting discordant views within a specific society on culturally controversial practices may allow for cultural change. As globalization brings people with incompatible attitudes into contact, cultural conflicts inevitably arise. Little is known about how to mitigate conflict and about how the conflicts that occur can shape the cultural evolution of the groups involved. Female genital cutting is a prominent example 1 , 2 , 3 . Governments and international agencies have promoted the abandonment of cutting for decades, but the practice remains widespread with associated health risks for millions of girls and women 4 , 5 . In their efforts to end cutting, international agents have often adopted the view that cutting is locally pervasive and entrenched 1 . This implies the need to introduce values and expectations from outside the local culture. Members of the target society may view such interventions as unwelcome intrusions 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , and campaigns promoting abandonment have sometimes led to backlash 1 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 as they struggle to reconcile cultural tolerance with the conviction that cutting violates universal human rights 1 , 9 . Cutting, however, is not necessarily locally pervasive and entrenched 1 , 3 , 12 . We designed experiments on cultural change that exploited the existence of conflicting attitudes within cutting societies. We produced four entertaining movies that served as experimental treatments in two experiments in Sudan, and we developed an implicit association test to unobtrusively measure attitudes about cutting. The movies depart from the view that cutting is locally pervasive by dramatizing members of an extended family as they confront each other with divergent views about whether the family should continue cutting. The movies significantly improved attitudes towards girls who remain uncut, with one in particular having a relatively persistent effect. These results show that using entertainment to dramatize locally discordant views can provide a basis for applied cultural evolution without accentuating intercultural divisions.

ObjectiveThe WHO reports that female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an ancient cultural practice prevalent in many countries. FGM/C has been reported among women resident in Australia. Our paper provides the first description of FGM/C in Australian children.DesignCross-sectional survey conducted in April–June 2014.SettingPaediatricians and other child health specialists recruited through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit were asked to report children aged <18 years with FGM/C seen in the last 5 years, and to provide data for demographics, FGM/C type, complications and referral for each case.ParticipantsOf 1311 eligible paediatricians/child health specialists, 1003 (76.5%) responded.ResultsTwenty-three (2.3%) respondents had seen 59 children with FGM/C and provided detailed data for 31. Most (89.7%) were identified during refugee screening and were born in Africa. Three (10.3%) were born in Australia: two had FGM/C in Australia and one in Indonesia. All parents were born overseas, mainly Africa (98.1%). Ten children had WHO FGM/C type I, five type II, five type III and six type IV. Complications in eight children included recurrent genitourinary infections, menstrual, sexual, fertility and psychological problems. Nineteen children (82.6%) were referred to obstetrics/gynaecology: 16 (69.9%) to social work and 13 (56.5%) to child protection.ConclusionsThis study confirms that FGM/C is seen in paediatric clinical practice within Australia. Paediatricians need cultural awareness, education and resources to help them identify children with FGM/C and/or at risk of FGM/C, to enable appropriate referral and counselling of children, families and communities to assist in the prevention of this practice.

This study was carried out to determine the awareness and practice of FGC in a rural community in southern Nigeria. A cross sectional study was carried out among Ayadehe women in Itu, LGA Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Information obtained was analysed using SPSS version 17. A total of 218 respondents participated in the study. Majority, 215 (98.6%) were aware of the practice of FGC. Type 2 FGC was the commonest type reported by 71.2% of respondents. Prevalence of FGC was 92.7%. A total of 69.8% were circumcised at 6-12 years. Health complications experienced included excruciating pains, (36.6%), severe bleeding, (15.8%), and painful urination, (26.7%). Up to 53.5% were circumcised by traditional birth attendants. The belief that FGM should be discontinued increased with educational level. The practice of FGC was high in this community. Increased female education, community involvement and legislation are needed to reduce this practice Cette étude a été réalisée afin de déterminer la prise de conscience et la pratique de l'excision dans une communauté rurale au sud du Nigéria. Une étude transversale a été réalisée auprès des femmes d'Ayadehe, dans l'Administration locale d'Itu dans l'état d'Akwa Ibom, au Nigéria à l'aide d'un questionnaire semi-structuré administré par l'intervieweur. Les informations recueillies ont été analysées en utilisant la version SPSS 17. Au total, 218 interviewés ont participé à l'étude. La majorité, 215 (98,6%) étaient au courant de la pratique de l'excision. L'excision de Type 2 était le type le plus fréquent qui a été signalé par 71,2% des interviewés. La prévalence de l'excision est de 92,7%. Au total, 69,8% étaient circoncis à l'âge de 6-12 ans. Les complications de santé éprouvées comprennent des douleurs atroces, (36,6%), les hémorragies graves, (15,8%), et une miction douloureuse, (26,7%). Jusqu'à 53,5% étaient excisées par des accoucheuses traditionnelles. La croyance que la MGF doit être arrêtée s'accroît avec le niveau d'éducation. La pratique de l'excision a été élevée dans cette communauté. Pour réduire cette pratique, il faut une accélération dans l'éducation de la femme, la participation de la communauté et la législation

Does access to education facilitate the emergence of a human capital elite from which social activists, and thus, social change can emerge? Assembling a city-level panel of the political, intellectual, and economic elite throughout German history, we find that the opening of schools providing secondary education for women increased their representation among the human capital elite. These elites challenged the status quo and developed critical ideas that resonated in cities with higher human capital, connecting women to form a social movement. We find no evidence of other city-specific indicators of economic and gender-specific cultural change affecting our results. Differential returns to education are also unrelated to the increasing representation of women among the human capital elite, as the opening of gender-specific schools has no impact on the opposite gender.

Increasing childhood vaccination, family planning, healthcare access, and women's empowerment are targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Barriers to healthcare access impede vaccination; tackling goals holistically could create larger gains than siloed efforts. We studied Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia to test the association between childhood vaccinations and other SDG indicators to identify clustered deprivations. We quantified how under-immunized children with few – or no – vaccines and their mothers were vulnerable in SDG areas. We analyzed Demographic and Health Surveys from Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. Through ordinal logistic regressions, controlling for household/mother's characteristics, we identified strong predictors of the number of vaccine doses one-year-old children received. Through bootstrapping and optimal propensity scores matching, we compared children with no or few vaccine doses (0–2 doses in early 2000s, or 0–4 in late 2010s) to children who received eight doses (DTP1–3, MVC1, Pol1–3, and BCG vaccines). Mothers of children who received eight doses were 14–30 % more likely than mothers of children with few or no doses to have accessed a health facility in the last year (95 % CIs were 16–44 % in Nepal 2001, −5 % to 33 % Nepal 2016, 3–26 % Senegal 2005, 1–31 % Senegal 2019, 9–38 % Zambia 2001–02, 7–36 % Zambia 2018), knew on average 0.7–1.5 more contraceptive methods (0.9–2.0 Nepal 2005, 0.1–1.5 Nepal 2016, 0.6–1.7 Senegal 2005, 0.2–1.7 Senegal 2019, 0.1–1.4 Zambia 2001–02, 0.5–1.4 Zambia 2018), and had 10–22 % higher literacy rates (12–32 % Nepal 2001, −7 % to 36 % Nepal 2016, 10–26 % Senegal 2005, −3 to 22 % Senegal 2019, −4 % to 28 % Zambia 2001–02, 5–36 % Zambia 2018). Children with few or no vaccine doses and their mothers were behind in access to family planning, healthcare, and education compared to fully vaccinated children and their mothers. Such differences can further impede immunizations; integrated education and health services are needed to improve vaccination outcomes. •Children receiving few or no vaccines share multiple vulnerabilities.•Vulnerabilities relate to access to family planning, health facilities, education.•Opportunity to integrate vaccination efforts with other health/education services.