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ECG Data Analysis with Denoising Approach and Customized CNNs
In the last decade, the proactive diagnosis of diseases with artificial intelligence and its aligned technologies has been an exciting and fruitful area. One of the areas in medical care where constant monitoring is required is cardiovascular diseases. Arrhythmia, one of the cardiovascular diseases, is generally diagnosed by doctors using Electrocardiography (ECG), which records the heart’s rhythm and electrical activity. The use of neural networks has been extensively adopted to identify abnormalities in the last few years. It is found that the probability of detecting arrhythmia increases if the denoised signal is used rather than the raw input signal. This paper compares six filters implemented on ECG signals to improve classification accuracy. Custom convolutional neural networks (CCNNs) are designed to filter ECG data. Extensive experiments are drawn by considering the six ECG filters and the proposed custom CCNN models. Comparative analysis reveals that the proposed models outperform the competitive models in various performance metrics.
Journal Article
Studying the Theory of Hoops Through Some Type of Filters
It is known that the class of hoops is ideally determined, in the sense that every filter of any hoop is a 1‐class of a unique congruence relation on . This confirms that every filter in a hoop determines one and only one quotient structure. So, given a hoop and a filter π of , it is natural to question ourselves what should be the defining properties of π so that the quotient is a join hoop (respectively, a Wajsberg hoop, cancellative hoop, and an MV‐algebra) and what should be the property of π such that is a subdirectly irreducible. In this paper, we answer these questions by introducing some new types of filters in hoops called J ‐filters, w ‐filters, MV‐filters, c ‐filters, and completely prime filters, respectively.
Journal Article
Wave active filter: a state-of-the-art review with odd and even order filter implementation
This scientific literature survey aims to provide a detailed overview of Wave Active Filter (WAF), including sequential growth of the higher-order filter design using voltage mode and current mode design. This survey paper elaborates on a step-by-step procedure for the wave variable approach for filter design with mathematical analysis. In addition, this work specifically focuses on developing WAF designs using different active blocks. Higher-order WAF designs using modern active blocks are well recorded in this survey paper for better visualization. In literature, third-order and fourth-order WAF implementations are mainly enriched. Hence, an OTA-based WAF is designed for lower- to higher-order filters, demonstrating their efficacy for multifunctional applications such as Wave Active Low Pass Filter (WALPF), Wave Active High Pass Filter (WAHPF), and Wave Active Bandpass Filter (WABPF) using OTA. Besides the theoretical foundations, simulation, and experimental test results are also performed to validate the workability of the OTA-based WAF. The frequency responses of WALPF, WAHPF, and WABPF are demonstrated for the second to sixth orders. The functionality of the OTA-based WAF is verified through frequency spectrum analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. This paper ultimately offers an extensive review of the WAF design process, including mathematical analysis and practical realizations. It provides insights into WAF theory, its benefits, limitations, and potential for future advancements in high-order filters.
Journal Article
Design of superconducting ultra‐wideband filter with wide stopband based on quintuple‐mode resonator
In this paper, a new ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) based on QMR (quintuple‐mode resonator) loaded with quasi‐lumped elements is proposed for wide stopband application. The method of connecting five folded U‐shaped resonators with rectangular patches to construct a QMR was proposed. By adjusting the relative position of the rectangular patches, the frequency band width of the filter can be freely adjusted. Further, quasi‐lumped elements were loaded to the QMR to generate three transmission zeros to enhance stopband performance. The filter designed in this paper can independently adjust both the stopband and the passband, providing greater design flexibility. The passband of the final filter is 3.18–9.43 GHz, and the FBW (fractional relative bandwidth) is 99%. The out‐of‐band rejection is better than −15 dB in the frequency range of 9.6–28.42 GHz. The measurement results show good performance without any tuning, and are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Journal Article
On-chip spectrometers using stratified waveguide filters
We present an ultra-compact single-shot spectrometer on silicon platform for sparse spectrum reconstruction. It consists of 32 stratified waveguide filters (SWFs) with diverse transmission spectra for sampling the unknown spectrum of the input signal and a specially designed ultra-compact structure for splitting the incident signal into those 32 filters with low power imbalance. Each SWF has a footprint less than 1 µm × 30 µm, while the 1 × 32 splitter and 32 filters in total occupy an area of about 35 µm × 260 µm, which to the best of our knowledge, is the smallest footprint spectrometer realized on silicon photonic platform. Experimental characteristics of the fabricated spectrometer demonstrate a broad operating bandwidth of 180 nm centered at 1550 nm and narrowband peaks with 0.45 nm Full-Width-Half-Maximum (FWHM) can be clearly resolved. This concept can also be implemented using other material platforms for operation in optical spectral bands of interest for various applications.
Compact spectrometers that are simple and scalable in design can enable many applications. Here the authors demonstrate a silicon photonics based single-shot spectrometer that uses a group of waveguide frequency filters to construct the spectrum.
Journal Article
Variable cutoff frequency FIR filters: a survey
Many signal processing applications require digital filters with variable frequency characteristics, especially the filters with variable bandwidth and center frequency. Due to their linear phase and inherent stability, finite impulse response (FIR) filters are the popular choice in the majority of the applications. Once a variable cutoff frequency (VCF) FIR lowpass filter is designed, variable bandwidth and center frequency filters with bandpass/highpass/bandstop response and reconfigurable filter banks can be realized from the same. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the existing variable cutoff frequency FIR filter design techniques, including the developments in the recent two decades. We provide the basic concepts, design, and architectural details for each of these techniques and the significant developments/incremental works thereof. Qualitative, as well as quantitative comparisons, are provided to assist the reader in choosing the most suitable VCF filter design technique for a particular application.
Journal Article
Plasmonic- and dielectric-based structural coloring: from fundamentals to practical applications
Structural coloring is production of color by surfaces that have microstructure fine enough to interfere with visible light; this phenomenon provides a novel paradigm for color printing. Plasmonic color is an emergent property of the interaction between light and metallic surfaces. This phenomenon can surpass the diffraction limit and achieve near unlimited lifetime. We categorize plasmonic color filters according to their designs (hole, rod, metal–insulator–metal, grating), and also describe structures supported by Mie resonance. We discuss the principles, and the merits and demerits of each color filter. We also discuss a new concept of color filters with tunability and reconfigurability, which enable printing of structural color to yield dynamic coloring at will. Approaches for dynamic coloring are classified as liquid crystal, chemical transition and mechanical deformation. At the end of review, we highlight a scale-up of fabrication methods, including nanoimprinting, self-assembly and laser-induced process that may enable real-world application of structural coloring.
Journal Article