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This study examines the influences of financial compensations (whether direct or indirect) and role stress on tourism employees’ job satisfaction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This is because job satisfaction has become a major concern for service organisations, which rely on employees for fulfilling their business goals. To achieve this purpose, a pre-tested questionnaire survey has been self-distributed to a sample of tourism employees in KSA. The results of statistical data analysis showed a positive relationship between financial compensations and job satisfaction. Both direct and indirect financial compensations have positive influences on job satisfaction of tourism employees. Unlike the results of most pervious research studies, the results showed that role stress has a significant positive influence on job satisfaction of tourism employees. The results of follow up interviews with a sample of respondents showed that most respondents were expatriates or foreign employees, who had expectations of high role stress before they undertake their tourism job role outside their country. They found the level of role stress generate their creativity and make a differentiation for them among other tourism employees. This leads employees to prove their ability at work hence, employee seeks to accomplish many tasks at the same time in order to get an attention of their managers/employers and ensure that they win the job for the next year by renewing their contract. Thus, such employees get thanks and appreciation by the manager/employer and is reflected in their job satisfaction. The study confirmed positive significant influence of both types of financial compensation and role stress on job satisfaction. It concludes that condition of employment should have special consideration when examining factors affecting employees’ attitudes, i.e. job satisfaction.

The paper approaches some theories related to certain power components and power quality indices of active filtering. A brief review of the specialty literature tied to technical aspects of compensation based on active filtering is provided. Following that, the steps of a design created by the authors to perform active filtering with a shunt filter are provided. The developed filtering system was tested and experimental data were acquired on a test stand for different operational modes. The data acquired with and without filtering were compared in order to evaluate the filter efficiency. Data were analyzed and observations were made relative to the limits of one of the analyzed theories. It was concluded that another theory has to be used in order to define powers and indices for the quality of power/energy. The evaluation of compensation was made from a technical point of view, according to the standards in force for the domain of power/energy quality. It was noticed that electromagnetic interferences might occur between the active filter and the supplying network. Two indices are proposed by authors in order to provide a more accurate value for the active filtering efficiency considering the financial point of view. Examples for their utilization are provided in real cases.

Background An integral aspect of patient engagement in research, also known as patient and public involvement, is appropriately recognising patient partners for their contributions through compensation (e.g., coauthorship, honoraria). Despite known benefits to compensating patient partners, our previous work suggested compensation is rarely reported and researchers perceive a lack of guidance on this issue. To address this gap, we identified and summarised available guidance and policy documents for patient partner compensation. Methods We conducted this scoping review in accordance with methods suggested by the JBI. We searched the grey literature (Google, Google Scholar) in March 2022 and Overton (an international database of policy documents) in April 2022. We included articles, guidance or policy documents regarding the compensation of patient partners for their research contributions. Two reviewers independently extracted and synthesised document characteristics and recommendations. Results We identified 65 guidance or policy documents. Most documents were published in Canada (57%, n = 37) or the United Kingdom (26%, n = 17). The most common recommended methods of nonfinancial compensation were offering training opportunities to patient partners (40%, n = 26) and facilitating patient partner attendance at conferences (38%, n = 25). The majority of guidance documents (95%) suggested financially compensating (i.e., offering something of monetary value) patient partners for their research contributions. Across guidance documents, the recommended monetary value of financial compensation was relatively consistent and associated with the role played by patient partners and/or specific engagement activities. For instance, the median monetary value for obtaining patient partner feedback (i.e., consultation) was$19/h (USD) (range of $ 12–$50/h). We identified several documents that guide the compensation of specific populations, including youth and Indigenous peoples. Conclusion Multiple publicly available resources exist to guide researchers, patient partners and institutions in developing tailored patient partner compensation strategies. Our findings challenge the perception that a lack of guidance hinders patient partner financial compensation. Future efforts should prioritise the effective implementation of these compensation strategies to ensure that patient partners are appropriately recognised. Patient or Public Contributions The patient partner coauthor informed protocol development, identified data items, and interpreted findings.

Background Patient engagement in research refers to collaboration between researchers and patients (i.e., individuals with lived experience including informal caregivers) in developing or conducting research. Offering non-financial (e.g., co-authorship, gift) or financial (e.g., honoraria, salary) compensation to patient partners can demonstrate appreciation for patient partner time and effort. However, little is known about how patient partners are currently compensated for their engagement in research. We sought to assess the prevalence of reporting patient partner compensation, specific compensation practices (non-financial and financial) reported, and identify benefits, challenges, barriers and enablers to offering financial compensation. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies citing the Guidance for Reporting the Involvement of Patients and the Public (GRIPP I and II) reporting checklists (October 2021) within Web of Science and Scopus. Studies that engaged patients as research partners were eligible. Two independent reviewers screened full texts and extracted data from included studies using a standardized data abstraction form. Data pertaining to compensation methods (financial and non-financial) and reported barriers and enablers to financially compensating patient partners were extracted. No formal quality assessment was conducted since the aim of the review is to describe the scope of patient partner compensation. Quantitative data were presented descriptively, and qualitative data were thematically analysed. Results The search identified 843 studies of which 316 studies were eligible. Of the 316 studies, 91% (n = 288) reported offering a type of compensation to patient partners. The most common method of non-financial compensation reported was informal acknowledgement on research outputs (65%, n = 206) and co-authorship (49%, n = 156). Seventy-nine studies (25%) reported offering financial compensation (i.e., honoraria, salary), 32 (10%) reported offering no financial compensation, and 205 (65%) studies did not report on financial compensation. Two key barriers were lack of funding to support compensation and absence of institutional policy or guidance. Two frequently reported enablers were considering financial compensation when developing the project budget and adequate project funding. Conclusions In a cohort of published studies reporting patient engagement in research, most offered non-financial methods of compensation to patient partners. Researchers may need guidance and support to overcome barriers to offering financial compensation. Plain English summary The term patient engagement in research is used to describe research that is conducted “with” patients, rather than “on” patients. It is important that researchers recognize patient partners for their time and expertise. In order to gain a better understanding of approaches to recognition for patient partners we reviewed published studies to: (1) assess how often financial compensation is reported, (2) identify how patient partners are reported as being compensated, and (3) understand what benefits, challenges, barriers and enablers might exist to offering financial compensation. We conducted a systematic review of articles citing the Guidance for Reporting the Involvement of Patients and the Public (GRIPP) guidelines. We included all study designs if patients were engaged as partners. Studies in which patients were participants only were excluded. Data collected included information about details of patient partner compensation (financial and non-financial practices) as well as challenges relating to financial compensation. Numerical data were analysed descriptively. Textual data were coded by two reviewers and collated into overarching themes. Our search identified 316 papers. Of these, 91% reported offering compensation to patient partners. Most common methods were acknowledgement (65%) and co-authorship (49%). Only 79 studies (25%) reported offering financial compensation to patient partners. Limited funding and lack of institutional guidance were identified as two key barriers that may be preventing researchers from offering financial compensation. Our review found that non-financial methods of compensation are reported more often than financial compensation. Researchers may require more support when offering financial compensation to patient partners.

Financial overcompensation is considered an effective strategy for responding to service failures, but we currently have a limited understanding of why financial overcompensation effectively repairs consumer trust following e-commerce service failures. This research aims to capture the dynamic implicit processes through which financial overcompensation enhances consumer trust using event-related-potentials (ERPs). As expected, the behavioral results demonstrated that the participants tended to have higher trust ratings for e-commerce sellers who offered financial overcompensation than for sellers who offered equal compensation, suggesting that financial compensation size had an enhancing effect on trust-rebuilding decisions. The ERP results showed greater reward positivity (RewP) and stronger late-positive potential (LPP) responses in the overcompensation condition compared with the equal compensation condition. Together, these findings provide the novel insight that overcompensation is more effective in repairing damaged trust because of the implicit processes it activates in consumers, i.e., unexpected positive outcome processing and subsequently motivational emotional arousal. The findings advance a more nuanced understanding of the psychological processes underlying financial compensation for trust repair.

Abstract Agriculture is sensitive to drought and associated social, environmental and economic impacts. Finance-based interventions aim to support farmers affected by drought; however, the extent to which such tools encourage resilience to this natural hazard is unclear. This paper systematically reviews evidence on links between financial interventions to mitigate drought-related impacts and adaptation towards longer-term resilience. We focus on tropical Asia where agriculture contributes significantly to national economies and is a primary source of livelihood in a region subject to high climate variability and episodic drought. Guided by Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome criteria, we identify and review 43 regionally specific articles that describe a range of financial interventions. Through thematic synthesis, we document the interventions’ associations with micro-level and macro-level outcomes. The results reveal how some interventions helped sustain household incomes and crop yield (e.g. through farm investments that increased productivity) through drought, whilst others encouraged adaptive behaviours. At a macro-level, there were challenges associated with government budgets and scheme administration, with the longevity of many schemes difficult to sustain. From fragmented evidence, this review reasons that there can be challenging policy trade-offs for institutions between supporting livelihoods and economic growth whilst also protecting the environment—highlighting the interdependence of systems’ resilience and variability in actors’ capacity to adapt. Low-regret interventions that integrate existing community adaptive practices, engage with farmers’ needs and prioritise extension support may encourage more desirable counteractions to drought; however, further research is needed to establish the role of such interventions.

Teachers are human resources who are considered the key to success or efforts to achieve educational goals. Therefore, education as a whole requires reliable human resources, namely professional teachers. Education cannot make a meaningful contribution without the support of professional and qualified teachers. This study is done to identify the effect of work life balance, professional competence, preventive discipline and financial compensation on the performance of MTs NU 10 Penawaja teachers. This study’s methodology is survey-based and quantitative. Both primary and secondary data were used. The study’s sample size consists of 36 MTs NU 10 Penawaja instructors. A linkert scale was then used to rate the respondents’ responses. Multiple linear regression is the analytical technique employed in this study, with the assistance of the SPSS version 25 program. The analysis used includes validity test, classical assumptions, reliability test, hypothesis testing. The results of this study are work life balance has a positive effect on teacher performance, professional competence has a positive effect on teacher performance, preventive discipline has a positive effect on teacher performance and financial compensation has a positive effect on teacher performance.

This study examines how vertical and horizontal pay disparities influence corporate innovation in publicly listed Indonesian firms from 2018 to 2022. Using a dataset of 1,505 firm-year observations, we apply Social Comparison Theory to analyze how perceived compensation inequalities impact innovation performance, measured by patent filings and citations. To ensure robustness, we employ Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS), Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Difference-in-Differences (DID), Entropy Balancing, and Tobit Regression. The results indicate that vertical pay disparity (CV_MT-RDP) positively affects patent quantity but negatively impacts patent quality, implying that larger managerial pay gaps encourage more patents but may not enhance their impact. Conversely, horizontal pay disparity (CV_RDP-OE) consistently reduces both patent output and citation impact, demonstrating that excessive pay differences across departments undermine cross-functional collaboration and innovation efficiency. Further, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) experience stronger negative effects of pay disparities on innovation than private firms, reinforcing the role of fairness concerns in shaping employee motivation. These findings suggest that firms should strategically design compensation policies to balance tournament incentives and pay equity to sustain long-term innovation performance.

To investigate general practitioners' (GPs') willingness to participate in long-term medical research and in research networks (RNs). Cross-sectional survey among German GPs around Halle-Wittenberg and Leipzig in 2020. Random sample of 905 GPs. Response rate 37%, 69% female. Overall, 57% were interested in participating in medical research, 34% in an active role in a RN. Interest in RN participation was positively associated with male sex, younger age, previous experiences in medical research, being involved in teaching undergraduates, and having qualification in a further specialty. Main motivators were improving patient care, giving a more realistic picture of GP care, and carrying out research on topics within their own interest areas and a reliable contact person at the leading institution. Most GPs were not afraid of reduced earnings; however, time investment was the main barrier for participation. GPs were willing to dedicate twice as much time to research when remuneration was offered. High rated topics were polypharmacy, chronic diseases, drug safety and adverse drug reactions. GPs are interested to participate in practice-based research. The study results providing useful and generalizable insights in barriers and motivators should be considered when building and running GP-RNs. KEY POINTS There is a difference between general practitioners' (GPs') overall interest in clinical research and their job and socio-demographic related readiness to participate in research networks (RNs). GPs are interested in RNs when it is a resource of and leading to enhanced patient-oriented care. GPs are willing to dedicate twice as much time to research when remunerated. GPs need a reliable counterpart within the leading institution.

This paper proposes an assessment of long-term climate strategies for oil- and gas-producing countries—in particular, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states—as regards the Paris Agreement goal of limiting the increase of surface air temperature to 2°C by the end of the twenty-first century. The study evaluates the possible role of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies under an international emissions trading market as a way to mitigate welfare losses. To model the strategic context, one assumes that a global cumulative emissions budget will have been allocated among different coalitions of countries—the GCC being one of them—and the existence of an international emissions trading market. A meta-game model is proposed in which deployment of CDR technologies as well as supply of emission rights are strategic variables and the payoffs are obtained from simulations of a general equilibrium model. The results of the simulations indicate that oil and gas producing countries and especially the GCC countries face a significant welfare loss risk, due to “unburnable oil” if a worldwide climate regime as recommended by the Paris Agreement is put in place. The development of CDR technologies, in particular direct air capture (DAC) alleviates somewhat this risk and offers these countries a new opportunity for exploiting their gas reserves and the carbon storage capacity offered by depleted oil and gas reservoirs.