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Recent studies indicate that financial reports have become increasingly lengthy and complex. This complexity may pose challenges for individual investors, who might struggle to interpret these intricate annual reports effectively. However, banks have a distinct advantage, as they can access private information about borrowing companies. In Bangladesh’s rapidly expanding corporate sector, where firms frequently seek financing through equity and debt, understanding the impact of financial statement complexity is crucial. This study aims to explore how the intricate nature of financial reports influences both bank loan dependency and share prices. The analysis focuses on fifty companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) over the period from 2013 to 2023. Data on financial statements and debt financing were collected from annual reports, with complexity assessed based on two parameters: the length and readability of the financial statements. The results suggest a correlation where increased complexity in financial statements is associated with a greater reliance on bank loans. However, the complexity of financial statements appears to have no significant impact on investors' behavior, as reflected in the return estimates. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence of the financial report complexity of Bangladeshi listed companies and its impact on bank loan dependency and share prices.

Purpose: This paper investigates the extent to which different user groups in the public sector consult financial reports. Because these re­ports are prepared for a wide audience, we examine whether the in­tended recipients actually use them and explore variations in how—and why—they are used. Design/methodology/approach: The study concentrates on politicians and public managers, adopting a quantitative design. A bespoke ques­tionnaire was developed and administered by telephone across the Re­public of Croatia between February and April 2022. Split-half factor analy­sis, t-tests and χ² tests were employed to identify differences in both the frequency of use and the reasons for use between the two groups. Findings: Respondents reported that they both receive and actively consult financial reports. Public managers use the reports significantly more often than politicians. Nevertheless, financial reports are gener­ally treated as secondary sources, whereas budget-execution reports are consulted more frequently. The analysis suggests that information rel­evance and the respondent’s role are the principal determinants of use. The reliance on a single questionnaire instrument constitutes a limita­tion, discussed in the cited literature. Research limitations/implications: Future research could incorporate additional data-collection methods (e.g. interviews or document analysis) and extend the study to other jurisdictions to enhance generalisability. Originality/value: The study adds empirical evidence to the internation­al debate on the purpose of public-sector financial reporting and clarifies how specific factors shape report use or non-use.   Namen: Prispevek raziskuje, koliko različne skupine uporabnikov v javnem sektorju pregledujejo finančna poročila. Ker so ta poročila namenjena ši­rokemu krogu naslovnikov, preverjamo, ali jih ciljni prejemniki dejansko uporabljajo, ter preučujemo razlike v tem, kako – in zakaj – jih uporabljajo. Zasnova/metodologija/pristop: Študija se osredotoča na politike in jav­ne managerje ter uporablja kvantitativni raziskovalni pristop. Prilagojen vprašalnik je bil pripravljen in od februarja do aprila 2022 izveden po te­lefonu po celotni Republiki Hrvaški. Za ugotavljanje razlik v pogostosti in razlogih za uporabo med obema skupinama so bili uporabljeni split-half faktorska analiza (metoda razpolovitve), t-testi in χ²-testi. Ugotovitve: Anketiranci poročajo, da finančna poročila tako prejemajo kot jih tudi aktivno pregledujejo. Javni managerji jih uporabljajo precej pogosteje kot politiki. Kljub temu se računovodski izkazi praviloma obrav­navajo kot sekundaren vir, poročila o izvrševanju proračuna pa se pregle­dujejo pogosteje. Analiza kaže, da sta glavna dejavnika uporabe relevan­tnost informacij in vloga anketiranca. Uporaba enotnega vprašalnika je omejitev, ki je obravnavana v citirani literaturi. Omejitve raziskave/implikacije: Prihodnje raziskave bi lahko vključile dodatne metode zbiranja podatkov (na primer intervjuje ali analizo do­kumentov) in razširile študijo na druge jurisdikcije, s čimer bi izboljšali po­splošljivost ugotovitev. Izvirnost/vrednost: Študija s svojimi empiričnimi rezultati prispeva k mednarodni razpravi o namenu finančnega poročanja v javnem sektorju in pojasnjuje, kako specifični dejavniki vplivajo na uporabo ali neuporabo poročil.

Electricity is one of the most widely used energy sources. The climate crisis, public pressure to invest in renewable and low-carbon energy sources, and the reduction in industrial electricity consumption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant impact on the energy sector. In addition, military action in Europe is affecting energy generation capacity and availability, which raises the question of economic calculus, particularly regarding the cost of generation and supply. These factors affect the cost structure of those responsible for supplying energy and, in extreme cases, can lead to energy exclusion. The article aimed to identify differences in the presentation and interpretation of operating cost data from the individual and consolidated financial statements of Polish energy groups, which is of key importance for investors, analysts and decision-makers in the energy sector. The analysis uses data for 2018–2022 from the income statement. The research hypothesis is that the complexity of Polish energy groups in the Polish energy sector leads to ambiguity in the interpretation of cost data included in stand-alone and consolidated financial statements.

Intellectual capital has long been recognized as a critical and strategic resource for businesses, playing a central role in enhancing both operational efficiency and financial performance. This is especially evident in knowledge-intensive industries such as information technology and telecommunications, where human capital—the skills, experience, and creativity of employees—is often the most valuable asset. In these sectors, innovation, expertise, and the ability to adapt rapidly to technological changes are key competitive advantages. To explore the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance, this study examined panel data spanning from 2016 to 2023 from 34 companies operating in the information technology and telecommunications sectors listed on the Vietnamese stock market. Using regression analysis with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, the study provides empirical evidence of a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance. This relationship is particularly pronounced among firms that prepare consolidated financial statements, suggesting that a more comprehensive accounting of company activities may better capture the contributions of intellectual capital to financial outcomes. These findings underscore the importance for business managers and corporate leaders to recognize and invest in the development, management, and utilization of intellectual capital as a strategic asset. Doing so can lead to improved profitability, efficiency, and competitive positioning. Furthermore, the results have practical implications for policymakers and stakeholders who aim to foster sustainable growth in Vietnam’s rapidly evolving digital economy. By reinforcing the value of intellectual capital, this research contributes to the growing body of literature that highlights its vital role in business success. Ultimately, the study confirms that intellectual capital is not just a theoretical construct but a real, measurable driver of corporate financial performance in the modern, knowledge-based economy.

In the current economic context, caused by the COVID - 19 pandemic, decisions need to be taken, in particular, to restart or recover the activity of certain economic entities. This will be possible due to the creativity of managers and professional accountants who need to provide viable solutions. Both half-yearly and annual financial reports will be a starting point in establishing strategies to achieve the objectives of improving the financial performance of the business. This article presents perspectives on the impact of the crisis generated by the COVID - 19 pandemic on the activity of certain economic entities through indicators found in the financial reports, both from the point of view of companies that have temporarily reduced / closed their activity, and from of those who prospered.

I examine social capital's impact on financial reports. Based on the social capital literature, I predict that the quality of the financial reports is higher when a firm is headquartered in a region with high social capital. Consistent with this prediction, I find that the firms that are headquartered in this type of region in the USA have a lower probability of committing fraud by misrepresenting financial information. Further, I find that the firms in regions with high social capital have lower levels of discretionary accruals and much more readable annual reports.

Introduction/Main Objectives: This research seeks to analyze the use of digital receipts and multi-platform e-commerces’ data integration and the influence they have on the process of reconciliation and the preparation of financial reports by micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Background Problems: The use of multi-platform online transactions requires the validation and conversion of the data, which can be an issue during the reconciliation process and the preparation of financial reports. The issue of the data’s integration is due to differences in the interfaces used for the multi-platform transactions and the MSMEs internal abilities. Novelty: The integration and treatment of online transactions via multi-platforms should an internal records or database for the MSMEs, the reconciliation process and preparing financial reports. Research Methods: This research uses a quantitative method with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis and descriptive analysis to reveal the reconciliation process and the conditions under which financial reports are prepared. Finding/Results: The problems of integrating data from various platforms into internal reports causes duplication of the internal reporting and a long reporting process and the chance of errors. The digital receipt is treated as proof of a manual transaction. Records’ duplication is a technical issue that causes delays in the processing time and reconciliation. None of the MSMEs have a machine-to-machine based (automized) reconciliation process. Conclusion: Transaction receipts from all the platforms affect the transactions’ recording, the reconciliation process, and the preparation of financial reports. Digital receipts provide high levels of confidence because of their completeness, accuracy, easiness, efficiency, simplicity, and suitability for use by MSMEs. The adoption of online sales and payments by MSMEs is highly effective, yet this has not been followed-up with the data’s integration into the reconciliation and accounting process for preparing financial reports.

Several models have been developed to predict financial difficulties and corporate bankruptcy. In this research various models were employed, including the Altman model (referred to as the Z-Score), the Springate model (known as the S-Score), the Zmijewski model (designated as the X-Score), and the Grover model (referred to as the G-Score). These techniques serve the purpose of evaluating the likelihood of encountering financial difficulties, which in turn determines the probability of PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk going bankrupt. The study utilized secondary data sourced from financial statements spanning the years from 2020 to 2022. The application of the Altman model for bankruptcy prediction revealed that PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero), Tbk experienced financial distress throughout the period from 2020 to 2022. According to the Springate model, the company was in a state of distress and declared bankruptcy in 2020 and 2022, while 2021 fell into a grey area. The Zmijewski model indicated that the company was on the brink of bankruptcy, with financial difficulties and a potential risk of bankruptcy within the next three years. Grover's model predicted bankruptcy for the company in 2020 and 2022, but indicated safety in 2021. Notably, the Taffler model emerged as the most accurate in forecasting bankruptcy, boasting a 100% accuracy rate with no errors. Meanwhile, the Zmijewski model achieved an 81.25% accuracy rate with an error rate of 18.75%, and the Springate model exhibited the lowest accuracy in bankruptcy prediction, scoring only 12.50% accuracy with an error rate of 87.50%.

En los últimos años, se han producido significativos avances para mejorar la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad. Al respecto, la legislación europea ha establecido un marco normativo que compromete a las empresas en materia de diversidad e inclusión. Aunque el compromiso empresarial resulta clave para lograr la integración de este grupo social, es todavía limitado. El propósito de esta investigación es determinar la importancia que tiene la discapacidad en informes anuales no financieros, tomando como muestra las empresas de mayor capitalización bursátil por sectores del IBEX35 y el PSI20. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de contenido con ATLAS.ti, identificando cada iniciativa y su correspondencia con otros aspectos vinculados a la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC). Los resultados revelan un peso relativamente bajo de la discapacidad en estas memorias por la complejidad de estos documentos, reconociendo un mayor interés de las empresas del IBEX35 que de las del PSI20 por la inclusión y la diversidad. Los datos muestran un compromiso de las empresas ibéricas por la accesibilidad y la formación para lograr la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad, pero también indican que sus actuaciones suelen responder al cumplimiento de las normativas y no a una voluntad verdaderamente comprometida con la sociedad.