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Every living thing requires food to survive. Clean, fresh, and healthy foods are important to human health. Today, food is affected by various counterfeits. Adulteration of food is the intentional deterioration of the quality of food offered for sale by either the addition or substitution of an inferior substance or by the omission of a valuable ingredient. Economically motivated adulteration is the intentional adulteration of food for financial gain, and has enormous public health implications, making it an important issue in food science. Almost every food, including milk and dairy products, fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, grain foods, coffee, tea, honey, etc., is susceptible to adulteration. It is difficult to find food that is free from adulteration. Consumption of adulterated food contributes to numerous diseases in society, ranging from mild to life threatening. Therefore, detection of adulteration in food is essential to ensure the safety of the food we consume. To provide consumers with food that is free of adulterants, various detection methods such as physical, chemical, biochemical, and molecular techniques are used to identify adulterants in food. This review aims to provide up‐to‐date information on food adulteration, its impact on health, and the analytical techniques used to detect adulteration in food. Every living thing needs food to survive. Clean, fresh, and healthy food is the most important for human health. Today, however, food is affected by various counterfeits. Adulteration of food is the intentional deterioration of the quality of food offered for sale, either by the addition or substitution of an inferior substance or by the omission of a valuable ingredient.

Street-vended foods are preferred for their convenience and affordability, yet unsanitary handling practices can raise the risk of microbial contamination. This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of some selected street foods, vendor’s safety practices, knowledge, and attitudes in Dessie Town, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study involving 170 street food vendors that employed a structured questionnaire and observational checklist as data collection tools. A total of 75 food samples were collected from various locations in the town using sterile stomacher bags. The samples comprised 15 portions each of “Chips”, “Sambusa”, “Bonbolino”, “Ambasha”, and “Sweet potatoes”. Every food sample was subjected to homogenization, serial dilution, and spread plating to detect microorganisms using standard microbiological techniques. The data was analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.00. The study revealed a predominance of female vendors (88.8%), and vendors lack awareness about spoiled food characteristics (94.1%). Surprisingly, a significant portion of vendors did not use gowns (68.8%) or gloves (82.4%) while vending. Most vendors 60.0% did not cover cooked food, and 58.8% of vending sites had dust or filth nearby. Regarding microbial quality, “Sambusa” had the highest mean count (1.23 × 10 − 3 CFU/g) of aerobic mesophilic bacteria. “Bonbolino” and “Sweet Potato” showed Staphylococci counts of 2.61 × 10 − 2 CFU/g and 2.64 × 10 − 2 CFU/g, respectively. “Sweet potatoes” had the highest coliform count (2.4 × 10 − 2 CFU/g), while “Ambasha” exhibited the highest Salmonella count (3 × 10 − 2 CFU/g). Vis-a-vis the study points, the finding indicated that the bus station had the highest aerobic mesophilic bacteria count (1.12 × 10 − 3 CFU/g), while Kelem meda, Piasa, and Segno gebeya recorded the highest Staphylococcus counts. Regarding the antibacterial susceptibility profiles, Salmonella has shown susceptibility to most antibiotics tested, such as Amoxicillin and Cefradine, but has been found resistant to Oxacillin. Conversely, E. coli has exhibited resistance to all antibiotics except for Gentamicin. Given the concerns observed in microbiological quality and safety issues of street vended foods in Dessie Town, it is crucial to introduce inclusive training programs for vendors.

Plant diversity can enhance natural pest control in agriculture by providing resources and conditions that are not regularly available in conventional crops to natural enemies of crop pests. Extrafloral nectar-producing plants, for example, might cause reduction of pest densities on neighboring plants because the nectar can increase the performance of natural enemies. Coffee agroforestry systems often contain extrafloral-nectar-producing Inga spp. trees that serve several purposes. Recent studies suggest that they attract and arrest a diversity of natural enemies that contribute to the control of coffee pests. Mites from the Phytoseiid family are key natural enemies of coffee pest mites, but no study has investigated whether Inga extrafloral nectar increases the performance of predatory mites in coffee ecosystems. Thus, here, we assessed whether the extrafloral nectar of Inga edulis Mart. (Fabaceae) can be considered a suitable nutritional resource for the predatory mite Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant), one of the most abundant phytoseiids in coffee crops. We found that feeding on extrafloral nectar allows for development and survival, but not reproduction, of A. herbicolus . Whereas individuals that fed on a diet of nectar during their immature development could subsequently only oviposit after having fed on a pollen diet, individuals that had developed on pollen stopped ovipositing when fed nectar. Our findings suggest that interplanted Inga trees can help to conserve populations of predatory mites in crop ecosystems through the provision of nectar and may boost biological control services. Future research should investigate the effects of extrafloral nectar-producing trees on coffee pest control by these predatory mites.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the diet of the free-living crab-eating fox by identifying the stomach contents of the 17 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) roadkilled in two conservation units, both located in the Amazon rainforest. The food items were quantified by frequency of occurrence (FO) and percentage of occurrence (PO). The stomach contents were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), and mineral matter (MM). Nitrogen-free extractives (NFE), metabolisable energy (ME) values, as well as the energy need for maintenance were estimated. The composition of the diet for the crab-eating fox presented 29 food items from the different taxonomic groups, with a greater diversity of items of animal origin (n=22), although the highest frequency of occurrence was gramineae (Poaceae) (41.18%). Among the items of animal origin, 21% were mammals, 18% reptiles, 10% amphibians, 9% invertebrates and 3% birds. A high content of CF (62.76%) were determined. Nitrogen-free extractive and dry matter averages were 5.91% and 141.82 kcal/100g, respectively. The average maintenance energy was 447.01 kcal/day. These findings suggesting that the crab-eating foxes have a generalist diet with an omnivorous diet in the Amazon basin, feeding on gramineae, fruits, insects, snakes, amphibians, birds and small mammals and have the same feeding habit that present in other Brazilian biomes. Resumo Este estudo objetivou analisar a dieta do cachorro-do-mato, de vida livre, por meio da identificação do conteúdo estomacal de 17 Cerdocyon thous atropelados em duas unidades de conservação da Floresta Amazônica. O conteúdo estomacal foi analisado e os itens alimentares foram quantificados pela frequência de ocorrência (FO) e percentagem de ocorrência (PO). Também foram avaliados os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra bruta (FB), extrato etéreo (EE) e, matéria mineral (MM). Foram estimados o extrativo não-nitrogenado (ENN), a energia metabolizável (EM) e a necessidade energética de manutenção. A composição da dieta do cachorro-do-mato apresentou 29 itens alimentares dos diferentes grupos taxonômicos, tendo uma maior diversidade de itens de origem animal (n=22), ainda que a maior FO tenha sido de gramíneas (Poaceae) (41.18%). Dentre os itens de origem animal, 21% eram mamíferos, 18% répteis, 10% anfíbios, 9% invertebrados e 3% aves. Determinou-se um alto teor de FB (62.76%). A média do ENN e da MS foi 5.91% e 141.82 kcal/100g, respectivamente. A média da energia de manutenção foi 447.01 kcal/dia. Estes achados sugerem que o cachorro-do-mato encontrado na Bacia Amazônica é um animal generalista com uma dieta onívora, se alimentando de gramíneas, frutos, insetos, serpentes, anfíbios, aves e pequenos mamíferos, portanto com o mesmo hábito alimentar relatado a esta espécie quando encontrada em outros biomas brasileiros.

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident occurred after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011. The regulations for food items contaminated with radioiodine or radioactive cesium were introduced immediately after the accident by establishing a tentative limit for the contamination level. These regulations excluded or minimized the excessive internal radiation exposure in Japan. Subsequently, the Food Safety Commission of the Japanese Cabinet Office established based on the Food Safety Basic Act evaluated the influence of food items on human health, and the information was reviewed to establish finalized reference values according to the Food Sanitation Act. This study aimed to compile a summary from published sources to examine the risk analysis conducted by the Japanese government over 5 years since the disaster occurred, which was carried out to prevent internal exposure to radioactive substances in food. Findings revealed that items exceeding the reference value were mostly found in the item group not under cultivation/feeding management. In addition, the risk management measures to prevent internal exposure to radioactive substances in food have proven to be effective.

To evaluate associations of fast-food items (FFI) and sugar-sweetened drinks (SSD) with mortality outcomes including deaths due to any cause, CVD and total cancers among a large sample of adults. Using a prospective design, risk of death was compared across baseline dietary exposures. Intakes of FFI and SSD were quantified using a semi-quantitative FFQ (baseline data collected 2000-2002). Deaths (n 4187) were obtained via the Washington State death file through 2008, excluding deaths in the first year of follow-up. Causes of death were categorized as due to CVD (I00-I99) or cancer (C00-D48). Cox models were used to estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. The Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) study among adults living in Western Washington State. Men and women (n 69 582) between 50 and 76 years of age at baseline. Intakes of FFI and SSD were higher among individuals who were younger, female, African-American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian-American or Pacific Islander, of lower educational attainment, and of lower income (P<0·0001 for all). Higher risk of total mortality was associated with greater intake of FFI (HR=1·16; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·29; P=0·004; comparing highest v. lowest quartile) and SSD (HR=1·19; 95 % CI 1·08, 1·30; P<0·0001; comparing highest v. lowest quartile). Higher intake of FFI was associated with greater cancer-specific mortality while an association with CVD-specific mortality was suggested. Associations between intake of SSD and cause-specific mortality were less clear. Intake of FFI and SSD has a detrimental effect on future mortality risk. These findings may be salient to socially patterned disparities in mortality.

To assess the daily intake of total arsenic (tAs) and arsenic speciation and their potential health risks, different food groups, including vegetables, rice, meat, viscera, freshwater fish, and seafood from Chengdu, China were analyzed. The concentrations of tAs ranged from 41.3 to 1185 μg kg−1 with a median of 238 μg kg−1, and 26.0% of tAs in the food groups was of inorganic toxic form. The median concentration of As(V) in rice (184 ± 21.6 μg kg−1) was approximately 2 to 6 times higher than those in other food groups. The bioaccessible inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentrations of the food items obtained from the local markets of Chengdu ranged from 1.07 to 24.6 μg kg−1 (mean of 6.04 μg kg−1). Rice contributed toward the largest amount of daily iAs intake (66.2%). The mean daily iAs intake from vegetable, meat and viscera contributed 10.7%, 12.5% and 6.04% of total iAs intake, respectively. The actual concentration of arsenic in the food exposed to the human body depends on oral bioaccessible fraction. The oral bioaccessibility estimated daily intake (μg kg−1 bw d−1) of tAs and iAs for the residents of Chengdu was 0.32 and 0.16. Health risk assessments carried out based on bioaccessible iAs concentrations showed that the food items were safe for consumption from the iAs perspective.

The Asiatic painted frog, Kaloula pulchra, is widely regarded as a food source. The current study is a preliminary investigation aiming at identifying the most suitable live food for farming K. pulchra in Vietnam. K. pulchra were collected in two provinces, Tien Giang and Ben Tre, during two seasons (dry and rainy). A total of 400 samples were collected for the study, including 202 small frogs (<10 д ind!) and 198 large frogs (=10g ind), with an average body length of 38.28+1.12 mm and an average weight of 14.64+0.77 д. The research determined the correlation between the average weight (X) and average total body length (Y) of K. pulchra. The stomach content analysis of the frogs revealed a diet spectrum consisting of 18 types of organisms belonging to the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, as well as some food sources derived from other animal species, plants, gravel, sand, and stones. Among these, food from the insect class within the Arthropoda phylum dominated, with a frequency of 80.52%. Ants and winged ants were the most frequently found food items in the stomach of the frogs, with a presence frequency of 87.75%. There were differences in the diet spectrum between the different sizes of frog and across the two seasons. The food group belonging to the class insect was present in all frog stomach samples (100%) regardless of size or seasons.

Feeding habits of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) were investigated in the Southeast Pacific Ocean using stomach content analysis. Stomachs were collected from 1506 individuals ranging between 18 and 187 cm in fork length. The fish were caught by longliner boats in 2009–2017. Based on percentage of wet weight (%Wi), percentage of number (%Ni), and frequency of occurrence (%Oi), flyingfishes were the predominant prey, followed by the cephalopods jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) and argonaut (Argonauta spp.). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) detected significant differences between zones (p < 0.001). PERMANOVA also revealed two size-related shifts in feeding habits to occur at FL ~ 80 cm and FL ~ 110 cm (p < 0.001). Cumulative prey curves did not reach an asymptote in any of the zones and size classes, which may be attributed to the fine taxonomic resolution used. Spatial variations in daily meal ranged between 296.3 and 438.9 g day−1, corresponding to daily ration of 6.1–8.2% body mass BM day−1. Otherwise, size-related variations in both DM and DR were observed. Thus, while daily food intake increased with size from 177.3 for the smallest fish (LF < 80 cm) to 496.7 g day−1 for the largest ones (LF ≥ 110 cm), DR decreased from 13.0 ± 22.1 to 3.7 ± 0.7 BM day−1. The present results contribute to improve the understanding of dolphinfish feeding habits in the Southeast Pacific Ocean.

It is vital for technology to advance and for the brand to obtain public recognition to achieve competitive supremacy. It is impossible to deploy without an adequate marketing, awareness, and execution strategy, as well as structured advertising approaches. As a result, advertising is an important strategy for marketing products to consumers. This research article makes a case for examining the psychological appeal of food brands associated with basketball players and customer behavior while making product purchases. If a well-known celebrity appears in a commercial, people will strongly influence the brand or product. Psychological Attraction (PA) and Food Brand Advertisement (FBA) were independent variables in the research framework. Customer Behavior (CB) was used as the Independent Variable. Nonetheless, data was gathered from 100 customers. SEM PLS 3 was used to analyze the collected data. The results suggested that the association between PA à CB is a non-significant link; however, the relationship between FBA àCB is significant.