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"FOSSIL-FUEL POWER PLANTS"
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Fossil fuel subsidy reform : an international law response
\"This much-needed book provides an empirically-grounded, and theoretically informed account of international law sources, mechanisms, initiatives and institutions which address and affect the practice of subsidising fossil fuel consumption and production. Drawing on recent scholarship on emerging international governance mechanisms, 'informal' international law-making and regime interaction, it offers suggestions, and critiques suggestions of others, for how the international law framework could be employed more effectively and appropriately to respond to environmentally and fiscally harmful fossil fuel subsidies.\"
Book
From Enron to Evo
Throughout the Americas, a boom in oil, gas, and mining development has pushed the extractive frontier deeper into Indigenous territories. Centering on a long-term study of Enron and Shell's Cuiabá pipeline,From Enron to Evotraces the struggles of Bolivia's Indigenous peoples for self-determination over their lives and territories. In his analysis of their response to this encroaching development, author Derrick Hindery also sheds light on surprising similarities between neoliberal reform and the policies of the nation's first Indigenous president, Evo Morales.Drawing upon extensive interviews and document analysis, Hindery argues that many of the structural conditions created by neoliberal policies-including partial privatization of the oil and gas sector-still persist under Morales. Tactics employed by both Morales and his neoliberal predecessors utilize the rhetoric of environmental protection and Indigenous rights to justify oil, gas, mining, and road development in Indigenous territories and sensitive ecoregions.Indigenous peoples, while mindful of gains made during Morales's tenure, are increasingly dissatisfied with the administration's development model, particularly when it infringes upon their right to self-determination.From Enron to Evodemonstrates their dynamic and pragmatic strategies to cope with development and adversity, while also advancing their own aims.Offering a critique of both free-market piracy and the dilemmas of resource nationalism, this is a groundbreaking book for scholars, policy-makers, and advocates concerned with Indigenous politics, social movements, environmental justice, and resistance in an era of expanding resource development.
eBook
Inequality in Fossil Fuel Power Plants in China: A Perspective of Efficiency and Abatement Cost
Quantifying the shadow price (SP) of CO2 emissions is the key to achieving China’s “double carbon” targets. Considering technology heterogeneity, this study applies stochastic frontier analysis combined with meta-frontier technology to estimate the environmental technical efficiency (ETE) and SP of CO2 emissions for China’s fossil fuel power plants from 2005 to 2015. This approach overcomes the lack of statistical inference and consistency of traditional methods and improves the reliability of results. The main results are as follows: (a) the average ETE of China’s power plants is 0.9444, indicating that inefficient production accounts for 5.66%. The difference in efficiency between the central and local groups is significant. (b) The national average SP of CO2 is 266.8 US dollars per ton, which is much higher than the carbon price in the emission trading system. This result implies the need to design a carbon trading price mechanism. (c) The distribution of SP shows obvious corporation and geographical characteristics that are closely related to the level of regional economic development. Finally, the findings provide policy implications for the improvement of the efficiency and abatement of costs of power plants and the determination of carbon prices.
Journal Article
Power Production Waste
This is a review on literature published in 2012 that covered issues related to power production waste that resulted from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants. The review included methods and techniques used for the characterization of the produced waste and disposal. This review also included literature investigating the environmental issues associated with fossil fuel and nulear power plants and produced waste.
Journal Article
Review of Doe's Vision 21 Research and Development Program: Phase 1
The Vision 21 Program is a relatively new research and development (R&D) program. It is funded through the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Fossil Energy and its National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The Vision 21 Program Plan anticipates that Vision 21 facilities will be able to convert fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, and petroleum coke) into electricity, process heat, fuels, and/or chemicals cost effectively, with very high efficiency and very low emissions, including of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). The goals of Vision 21 are extremely challenging and ambitious. As noted in the Vision 21 Technology Roadmap, if the program meets its goals, Vision 21 plants would essentially eliminate many of the environmental concerns traditionally associated with the conversion of fossil fuels into electricity and transportation fuels or chemicals (NETL, 2001). Given the importance of fossil fuels, and especially coal, to the economies of the United States and other countries and the need to utilize fossil fuels in an efficient and environmentally acceptable manner, the development of the technologies in the Vision 21 Program is a high priority.This report contains the results of the second National Research Council (NRC) review of the Vision 21 R&D Program.
eBook
Predicting Extents of Mercury Oxidation in Coal-Derived Flue Gases
The proposed mercury (Hg) oxidation mechanism consists of a 168-step gas phase mechanism that accounts for interaction among all important flue gas species and a heterogeneous oxidation mechanism on unburned carbon (UBC) particles, similar to established chemistry for dioxin production under comparable conditions. The mechanism was incorporated into a gas cleaning system simulator to predict the proportions of elemental and oxidized Hg species in the flue gases, given relevant coal properties (C/H/O/N/S/Cl/Hg), flue gas composition (O
2
, H
2
O, HCl), emissions (NO
X
, SO
X
, CO), the recovery of fly ash, fly ash loss-on-ignition (LOI), and a thermal history. Predictions are validated without parameter adjustments against datasets from lab-scale and from pilot-scale coal furnaces at 1 and 29 MW
t
. Collectively, the evaluations cover 16 coals representing ranks from sub-bituminous through high-volatile bituminous, including cases with Cl
2
and CaCl
2
injection. The predictions are, therefore, validated over virtually the entire domain of Cl-species concentrations and UBC levels of commercial interest. Additional predictions identify the most important operating conditions in the furnace and gas cleaning system, including stoichiometric ratio, NO
X
, LOI, and residence time, as well as the most important coal properties, including coal-Cl.
Journal Article
Highly Efficient Removal of COsub.2 Using Water-Lean KHCOsub.3/Isopropanol Solutions
The use of aqueous carbonate as an inorganic absorbent is not only inexpensive but also stable and environmentally friendly. However, the regeneration processes for aqueous carbonate sorbents require high regeneration heat duty; this energy intensity makes their wide utilization unaffordable. In this work, a low-temperature, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly carbon dioxide desorption method has been investigated in potassium bicarbonate-water-alcohol solutions. The addition of alcohol, particularly isopropanol, to the potassium bicarbonate-water solution can significantly increase carbon dioxide desorption capacity. The potassium bicarbonate-water-isopropanol solution used in this study (36 wt % isopropanol) resulted in 15.2 mmol of carbon dioxide desorption within 2400 s at 80 °C, which was 2000-fold higher than the potassium bicarbonate-water-solution. This research demonstrates a water-lean solvent-based carbon dioxide removal route with the potential to be economical, environmentally safe, and energy-efficient. CO[sub.2] sequestration, capture, and utilization technologies will play a key role in reducing CO[sub.2] emissions. The excellent desorption kinetics and relatively moderate desorption temperatures (80 °C) of water-lean solvent could help in reducing the cost of CO[sub.2] capture, particularly in terms of the heat demand at the regenerator.
Journal Article
Evaluating the Role of Next-Generation Productive Forces in Mitigating Carbon Lock-In: Evidence from Regional Disparities in China
Carbon lock-in (CLI), defined as the structural persistence of fossil-fuel-based systems, poses a significant barrier to decarbonization. As CLI continues to impede China’s progress toward carbon neutrality, understanding the role of next-generation productive forces (NGPFs) in breaking this path dependence has become increasingly urgent; however, it remains underexplored in empirical research. This study examines the impact of NGPFs on CLI using provincial panel data from 2012 to 2022. Composite indices for NGPFs and CLI are constructed using the entropy weight method. The analysis applies instrumental variable estimation (IV-GMM) to address potential endogeneity, feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) to account for heteroskedasticity, and spatial Durbin models (SDMs) to capture spatial dependence. In addition, quantile regression is used to explore distributional effects, and subsample regressions are conducted to assess regional heterogeneity. The results show that (1) a 1% increase in NGPFs leads to approximately a 0.9643% reduction in CLI, effectively mitigating CLI. (2) NGPF levels are high in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, while being constrained in Heilongjiang, Gansu, and Qinghai. Provinces like Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shandong are rapidly catching up. (3) Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shandong struggle with high comprehensive CLI from carbon-heavy industries; in contrast, Beijing, Shanghai, and Hainan show low CLI. (4) As CLI levels increase (90th percentile), the effectiveness of NGPFs in reducing CLI gradually diminishes (−0.2724). (5) The impact of NGPFs on CLI is not significant in the Eastern region, while in the Central and Western regions, the effects are −1.1365 and −1.0137, respectively. This study offers vital insights for shaping policies that promote sustainable growth and mitigate CLI in China.
Journal Article
Sustainability Enhancement of Fossil-Fueled Power Plants by Optimal Design and Operation of Membrane-Based COsub.2 Capture Process
Fossil-fueled power plants are a major source of carbon dioxide (CO[sub.2] ) emission and the membrane process is a promising technology for CO[sub.2] removal and mitigation. This study aims to develop optimal membrane-based carbon capture systems to enhance the sustainability of fossil-fuel power plants by reducing their energy consumption and operating costs. The multi-stage membrane process is numerically modeled using Aspen Custom Modeler based on the solution-diffusion mechanism and then the effects of important operating and design parameters are investigated. Multi-objective process optimization is then carried out by linking Aspen Plus with MATLAB and using an evolutionary technique to determine optimal operating and design conditions. The results show that, as the CO[sub.2] concentration in the feed gas increases, the CO[sub.2] capture cost significantly decreases and CO[sub.2] removal is enhanced, although the process energy demand slightly increases. The best possible trade-offs between objective functions are reported and analyzed, which confirm the considerable potential for improving the sustainability of the process. The CO[sub.2] capture cost and energy penalty of the process is as low as 13.1 $/tCO[sub.2] and 10% at optimal design and operating conditions. This study provides valuable insight into membrane separation and can be used by decision-makers for the sustainable improvement of fossil-fueled power plants.
Journal Article