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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the nursing profession, exacerbating occupational stress, attrition rates, and staffing shortages. Although prior studies have examined factors influencing nursing turnover intention, no research has compared turnover intention among Chinese hospital nurses during the full liberalization of COVID-19 and the postpandemic era. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of turnover intention during these two critical periods. Method A 2-wave multicentre cross-sectional online survey was conducted in 25 hospitals in Guangdong, China. Data were collected during the full liberalization of COVID-19 (T1: 27 December 2022 to 7 January 2023, N  = 1,766) and the postpandemic era (T2: 11 May to 23 May 2023, N  = 2,643). A structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic and work-related factors, such as perceived stress (10-item Perceived Stress Scale), depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire), anxiety (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index), intolerance of uncertainty (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale), life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale), and turnover intention (Turnover Intention Scale). Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, binary and multiple logistic regression, and hierarchical regression, were performed using SPSS 26.0. Results The prevalence rates of turnover intention were 73.33% and 72.34% at T1 and T2, respectively. Dissatisfaction with nursing work ( aOR : 2.393–8.659, Ps  < 0.001), lack of interest in nursing ( aOR : 2.713–3.077, Ps  < 0.001) and depression ( aOR : 1.437–2.113, Ps  < 0.05) were associated with an increased risk of turnover intention. In addition, life satisfaction ( aOR : 0.282–0.687, Ps  < 0.05) was associated with a reduced risk of turnover intention. Conclusions Turnover intention among hospital nurses remained alarmingly high during both the full liberalization of COVID-19 and the postpandemic era. Dissatisfaction with work, lack of interest in nursing, and depression were significant risk factors, whereas life satisfaction served as a protective factor. Early identification of turnover intention and targeted interventions are essential to address these challenges and improve nurse retention during and after public health crises. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

On 7 December 2022, the State Council of China released 'Measures to Further Optimize the Implementation of the Prevention and Control of the New Coronavirus Epidemic'. The previous three-year dynamic zero epidemic prevention policy was then replaced with a full liberalization policy. On 5 May 2023, the World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 no longer constituted a 'public health emergency of international concern.' However, given the ongoing prevalence of coronavirus, emerging mutations, and the liberalization of restrictions, there are increased risks of vulnerable people contracting new variants. Low vaccination coverage among older people with compromised immune systems, puts them at further risk. The policy shift will increase pressure on already stretched health infrastructure and medical resources. This short article adds to the current debate arguing that the Chinese government should take commensurate preventive measures, including strengthening medical facilities and equipment and targeting ongoing vaccination in older people.

In the past, electricity used by households and businesses was exclusively sold by monopolistic power companies operating in each region. In March 2000, reforms in the electricity market commenced. The retail sector began liberalization in 2000, culminating in full liberalization in 2016. This means that all consumers became able to choose their power providers. Considering the potential changes in the structure of the electricity market following full liberalization, there is a possibility of changes in price elasticity as well. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of full liberalization on the price elasticity of demand for residential. This study uses panel data from 2010 to 2021 of existing power companies except for Okinawa. We examine the price elasticity using the regression analysis based on a logarithmic model. In addition, there are individual differences between power companies so that we will also estimate the model with a fixed effect. We can obtain several results of the analysis as following. (1) After full liberalization, the national average price elasticity increased, indicating intensified market competition. (2) For region, small changes in price elasticity were observed after full liberalization. Especially, urban areas such as Tokyo, Tohoku, Chubu, and Kansai exhibited more significant changes compared to rural areas such as Hokkaido, Hokuriku, Chugoku, and Shikoku. (3) Particularly in the Tokyo, Kansai and Chubu regions, it was identified that the installation of photovoltaic facilities led to a decrease in electricity demand.

This paper presents a simultaneous assessment of the relationship between economic performance and three groups of economic reforms: domestic finance, trade, and the capital account. Among these, domestic financial reforms, and trade reforms, are robustly associated with economic growth, but only in middle-income countries. In contrast, we do not find any systematic positive relationship between capital account liberalization and economic growth. Moreover, the effect of domestic financial reforms on economic growth in middle-income countries is explained by improvements in measured aggregate TFP growth, not by higher aggregate investment. We present evidence that variation in the quality of property rights helps explain the heterogeneity of the effectiveness of financial and trade reforms in developing countries. The evidence suggests that sufficiently developed property rights are a precondition for reaping the benefits of economic reform. Our results are robust to endogeneity bias and a number of alternative specifications.

Unlocking Caribbean Trade Potential: Policy Options for Growth and Poverty Reduction Is the Caribbean ready to thrive in the global market? This World Bank Country Study offers a comprehensive analysis of trade and integration challenges and opportunities in the Caribbean, providing policy options for sustained growth, job creation, and poverty reduction. Explore strategies for: * Accelerating trade integration and improving competitiveness * Addressing macroeconomic and structural constraints * Leveraging the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) * Capitalizing on a changing international environment For policymakers, economists, and development practitioners seeking actionable insights to shape a more prosperous Caribbean future.

Countries of the Southeast Europe (SEE) region have witnessed significant economic improvement since the beginning of their transition to market economies in the early 1990s. Growth has been particularly strong in the past six years, but still lower than in other fast growing countries in the East Asia and Baltic regions, or some of the other new member states of the European Union (EU). The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) to present recent trends in intra regional trade in SEE, in particular following the implementation of Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA); and (ii) to bring the attention of policy makers to some of the remaining impediments to enhanced intra regional trade. The rest of the study is organized as follows. Chapter two describes intraregional trade patterns, both prior and after the entry of CEFTA into force, including more detailed analysis of trade structure. Chapter three emphasizes the role of nontariff barriers (NTBs), such as technical regulations and standards, and their potential impact on trade enhancement, as well as the importance of the trade related environment drawing on global surveys and reports (doing business, Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), logistics performance indicator, and the enabling trade index). It also looks at rules of origin and their role in trade creation. Chapter four aims to present the view of the private sector on CEFTA and on trade related reforms in general through two case studies of regional firms. Finally, chapter five concludes by summarizing the key recommendations of the study.

This paper examines the objectives and instruments of trade policy in the European Community (EC) from 1987 until mid-1992. It reviews the Community's institutional setting and policy environment as background to recent trends in EC trade policies and trading arrangements. A discussion of key issues and developments in the internal market program and its interactions with the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations is followed by a review of the main issues underlying trade disputes with third countries and trade-related industrial policies.

This paper deals with liberalization and the evolution of output during the transition from plan to market. It explains why strong liberalization leads to a comparatively steep fall in output early in the transition, but a relatively strong recovery later on. Because it takes time to restructure the capital stock inherited from the old system, liberalization initially leads to transitional unemployment of capital and the contraction of the old enterprise sector. By making room quickly for the new, more efficient enterprises, however, liberalization also sets the stage for recovery and a much higher level of income in the medium term.