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The concept of the critical state in granular soils needs to make proper reference to the fabric structure that develops at critical state. This study identifies a unique property associated with the fabric structure relative to the stresses at critical state. A unique relationship between the mean effective stress and a fabric anisotropy parameter, K, defined by the first joint invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor and the deviatoric fabric tensor, is found at critical state, and is path-independent. Numerical simulations using the discrete-element method under different loading conditions and intermediate principal stress ratios identify a unique power law for this relationship. Based on the findings, a new definition of critical state for granular media is proposed. In addition to the conditions of constant stress and unique void ratio required by the conventional critical state concept, the new definition imposes the additional constraint that K reaches a unique value at critical state. A unique spatial critical state curve in the three-dimensional space K–e–p′ is found for a granular medium, the projection of which onto the e–p′ plane turns out to be the conventional critical state line. The new critical state concept provides an important reference state for a soil to reach, based on which the key concepts in the constitutive modelling of granular media, including the choice of state parameters, dilatancy relation and non-coaxiality, are reassessed, and future exploratory topics are discussed.

Microplastics refer to plastic fibers, particles or films less than 5 mm in diameter. Textile microplastics are an important form of microplastics, which can harm the ecological environment and human health. This paper studies the relationship between textile microplastic shedding and fabric structure to reduce microplastics pollution and reduce its impact on humans and the natural environment. Firstly, household washing is simulated by considering the main fabric type, the number of steel balls used in the washing, washing temperature, washing time and other influencing factors. An orthogonal test of the mixing level of the four factors is designed by selecting the fabric type, the number of steel balls used in washing, washing temperature and washing time, and the influencing factors is analyzed, and the best washing scheme is obtained. Then, under optimal washing conditions, the three factors and three levels of orthogonal test are designed to analyze the influence of fabric structure and external factors on the shedding of microplastics by changing the amounts of friction and insolation time. The results show that the microplastics released by knitted fabrics are significantly more under the same washing conditions than that of woven fabrics. Satin fabrics released the most microplastics and plain fabrics the least. In addition, among the external factors, the amount of friction significantly affects the production of microplastics.

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) converts mechanical energy into valuable electrical energy, offering a solution for future energy needs. As an indispensable part of TENG, textile TENG (T-TENG) has incredible advantages in harvesting biomechanical energy and physiological signal monitoring. However, the application of T-TENG is restricted, partly because the fabric structure parameter and structure on T-TENG performance have not been fully exploited. This study comprehensively investigates the effect of weaving structure on fabric TENGs (F-TENGs) for direct-weaving yarn TENGs and post-coating fabric TENGs. For direct-weaving F-TENGs, a single-yarn TENG (Y-TENG) with a core-sheath structure is fabricated using conductive yarn as the core layer yarn and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filaments as the sheath yarn. Twelve fabrics with five different sets of parameters were designed and investigated. For post-coating F-TENGs, fabrics with weaving structures of plain, twill, satin, and reinforced twill were fabricated and coated with conductive silver paint. Overall, the twill F-TENGs have the best electrical outputs, followed by the satin F-TENGs and plain weave F-TENGs. Besides, the increase of the Y-TENG gap spacing was demonstrated to improve the electrical output performance. Moreover, T-TENGs are demonstrated for human-computer interaction and self-powered real-time monitoring. This systematic work provides guidance for the future T-TENG’s design.

Research in the field of wearable triboelectric generators is increasing, and pioneering research into real applications of this technology is a growing need in both scientific and industry research. In addition to the two key characteristics of wearable triboelectric generators of flexibility and generating friction, features such as softness, breathability, washability, and wear resistance have also attracted a lot of attention from the research community. This paper reviews wearable triboelectric generators that are used in human clothing for energy conversion. The study focuses on analyzing fabric structure and examining the integration method of flexible generators and common fibers/yarns/textiles. Compared to the knitting method, the woven method has fewer restrictions on the flexibility and thickness of the yarn. Remaining challenges and perspectives are also investigated to suggest how to bring fully generated clothing to practical applications in the near future.

This article introduces a novel, rapid, and non-destructive method for assessing homogeneity within and between weave repeats in fabric structures, termed intra-repeat (IAR) and inter-repeat (IER) evaluation. The method focuses on structural parameters, including inter-thread pores (ITPs) and warp and weft pitches, using computer image analysis. Each parameter is assigned to a module in the repeat weave pattern, facilitating the sorting of modules in the IAR and IER fabric structure arrangement. The method was verified using artificial images and 30 real plain fabrics with varying degrees of warp grouping, employing the author’s proprietary software, MagFABRIC version 2.1The general measurable coefficients of intra- and inter-homogeneity were defined and related to the airflow measurements of these fabrics. Multiple regression models of airflow revealed strong dependencies, particularly for F = 10, with the size, shape, and position of ITPs and warp and weft pitches showing significant correlation. These findings underscore the importance of the new homogeneity parameters in textile structure analysis, including both IAR and IER woven fabric structure homogeneity parameters. The research aims to model specialized fabrics (e.g., barrier, filtration, composite fabrics) to address local changes in fabric structure affecting properties such as filtration efficiency, air permeability, and mechanical properties, especially in applications like composites or medical implants.

Spacer fabrics are unique three-dimensional structures, which are used in various applications due to their specific features. Spacer fabrics are exposed to constant compressional strain in some applications. Consequently, the fabric’s performance will change due to the stress relaxation phenomenon in the fabric structure. This study aims to investigate the effect of spacer fabric’s structure on the compressional stress relaxation of the fabric. To this end, weft-knitted spacer fabrics with different spacer yarn lengths were produced, and their compressional stress relaxation was studied compared to polyurethane (PU) foam. The results reveal that by increasing the length of spacer yarns, the stress relaxation of the fabric decreases, while the maximum energy absorption efficiency increases. Based on the findings, the performance of the spacer fabrics compared to foam depends on the stress level, and all considered spacer fabrics exhibited more energy absorption and efficiency than foam at low-stress levels (lower than 100 cN/cm 2 ). Eventually, knitted spacer fabrics’ compressional and stress relaxation behavior can be precisely estimated using the three-parameter model with nonlinear spring, and the three-parameter Maxwell model with nonlinear spring, respectively.

Fabric extension as a result of tensile creep can disfigure and disturb the function of textiles in various applications from garment to technical applications such as tensile structures, vascular prostheses, and geotextiles. This research focuses on the creep evaluation of two bar warp-knitted fabrics (Tricot, Reverse Locknit, 3 needle Sharkskin, 4 needle Sharkskin and Queen’s cord) in the course direction using viscoelastic models. According to the results, the creep and creep compliance of the fabric in the course direction decreases by increasing the length of underlaps in the back-guide bar, and fabrics exhibit more creep under higher applied stress. Eventually, the creep behavior of the considered fabrics can be expressed precisely using Kelvin model in series with despot.

The objective of this study was to measure the combined effects of fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low twist, single) and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on friction between sock fabrics and a synthetic skin using the horizontal platform method. The effect of weight of a hypothetical wearer and moisture content of a sock fabric were also investigated. Differences among fabrics were analyzed using frictional force traces. Data compared included the static and dynamic friction and coefficients of friction, as well as three new descriptive parameters. All variables investigated affected the frictional characteristics between a sock fabric and a synthetic skin. Single jersey fabrics had the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction. Friction between fabric and a synthetic skin was affected most by the applied weight, with the simulated adult weight resulting in a greater frictional force, and higher coefficients of static and dynamic friction. The most important effect of fiber was on the static frictional force and coefficient of static friction of damp fabrics, with fabrics composed of fine wool exhibiting lowest friction, and acrylic fabrics the highest.

Cellular textile reinforced composite with evenly distributed cell size has the characteristics of light weight, high impact strength, and it is supposed to be used as energy absorbs items in various industrial and domestic fields. Changing the cell geometric size can create the deviation of regular cellular textile to improve its mechanical properties. This paper is based on the calculation formula of cellular cell under ideal model, and combines the principle of cellular fabric weave design to fabricate the cellular structure composites. By modifying the wall length or wall thickness of the adjacent cell can create unregular cellular structure and there are two types of samples with various cell size and wall thickness made in this paper. During the weaving process, multiple warp beams are combined to supply the warps and the yarn consumption for each layer of the fabric is calculated according to their buckling degree in the fabric structure. Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) technology is adopted to facilitate the plat shaped fabric into three-dimensional structured cellular composite. The aims of this research are to provide a feasible design and manufacturing method for cellular structure fabric with uneven cell distribution for the future composite mechanical analysis.

The 3D CAD software has obvious advantages in appearance imitating and geometric structure modeling for fabrics. In contemporary 3D CAD fabric systems, only uniform yarns are involved in studies on fabric geometric structures, due to technological limitations, whereas objectives such as irregular/uneven 3D yarns have not been considered much. As the fabric structure or the central curve of the yarn changes, it is difficult to reflect the changed positions of the effect spots of the pre-designed uneven 3D yarns accordingly. In this paper, a key-point-mapping algorithm between the source yarn and the target curve is proposed to reflect the position change in effect spots when the fabric structure changes. By using the shape-preserving quasi-uniform cubic B-spline curve, a simple 3D irregular source yarn is designed using key points and setting their corresponding base cross-sections. The mapping is based on the principle that the lengths of the curve between the key points and the contours of the corresponding base cross-sections of the source yarn remain unchanged. Finally, the control grid of the new 3D yarn in the fabric structure is automatically generated. According to the examples and error analysis, the mapping technique can be applied to arbitrary given fabric structures, and the effect spots of the irregular 3D yarn are reasonably distributed as expected.