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Prehistoric adaptation in the American Southwest
This resource is about post-Pleistocene adaptive change among the aboriginal cultures of the mountains and deserts of Arizona and New Mexico.
Book
Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie
Sociologists coined the term \"anomie\" to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.
Journal Article
Development and validation of the environmental parenting scale: a precaution theory-based measure of preventive parenting behaviours
ObjectivesThis study developed and validated the precaution theory-based Environmental Parenting Scale (EPS) to assess proactive parental behaviours that reduce children’s environmental risk exposure. Existing measures lack theory-based assessments of preventive parenting under environmental uncertainty.DesignThis study involves the development of a scale based on Kriebel’s precaution theory to construct measures of environmental parenting behaviour.Setting/participantsFor exploratory factor analysis, 216 participants with children under the age of 18 were recruited from Jeonju, Cheonan and Milyang in South Korea between 16 September 2024 and 21 September 2024 using convenience sampling. Content validity was confirmed by three professionals.ValidationThe preliminary items were gathered through a literature review and in-depth interviews with 10 participants. We assessed convergence validity, known-group validity and internal consistency reliability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a cumulative variance of 65.73% for explaining the target behaviours.ResultsThe EPS comprises 21 items across four factors: hygiene management, natural product use, prevention of toxin exposure and protection from radiation. Convergent validity with the personal environmental health behaviours scale was supported (r=0.75, p<0.001), and Cronbach’s α was 0.93.ConclusionThe EPS is a valid and reliable scale for measuring environmental parenting behaviours in the context of climate change and environmental diseases.
Journal Article
Sport mental health continuum in young Brazilian athletes: adaptation and psychometric properties
Instruments used to assess the mental well-being of young athletes in Brazil are scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt for young athletes, and gather evidence of validity for the Sport Mental Health—Short Form (S-MHC) for use in Brazilian Portuguese. The research was conducted in five stages: translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert review, and validation of the psychometric properties. For validation, 246 young athletes of both genders (88 females, 35.8%), aged between 12 and 18 years (14.5 ± 1.9 years), were recruited. Psychometric methods were employed to confirm and validate the translated and adapted versions of the S-MHC for young athletes, including internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, composite reliability, Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) using Item Response Theory (IRT), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Two structures were tested, with Model 1 loading the 14 items of the translated version of the S-MHC into a single latent factor and Model 2 loading the items into three factors related to emotional, social, and psychological sport well-being. Both models showed good validity, consistency, and reliability measures and can be used to investigate the sport well-being of young athletes. It was concluded that the translated version of the S-MHC in Brazilian Portuguese can be used to assess the sport well-being of young athletes in Brazil. Model 2 structure is recommended to observe the different nuances of emotional, social, and psychological well-being.
Journal Article
Exploring symptom clusters in mild cognitive impairment and dementia with the NIH Toolbox
Symptom clustering research provides a unique opportunity for understanding complex medical conditions. The objective of this study was to apply a variable-centered analytic approach to understand how symptoms may cluster together, within and across domains of functioning in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, to better understand these conditions and potential etiological, prevention, and intervention considerations.
Cognitive, motor, sensory, emotional, and social measures from the NIH Toolbox were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) from a dataset of 165 individuals with a research diagnosis of either amnestic MCI or dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
The six-factor EFA solution described here primarily replicated the intended structure of the NIH Toolbox with a few deviations, notably sensory and motor scores loading onto factors with measures of cognition, emotional, and social health. These findings suggest the presence of cross-domain symptom clusters in these populations. In particular, negative affect, stress, loneliness, and pain formed one unique symptom cluster that bridged the NIH Toolbox domains of physical, social, and emotional health. Olfaction and dexterity formed a second unique cluster with measures of executive functioning, working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed. A third novel cluster was detected for mobility, strength, and vision, which was considered to reflect a physical functioning factor. Somewhat unexpectedly, the hearing test included did not load strongly onto any factor.
This research presents a preliminary effort to detect symptom clusters in amnestic MCI and dementia using an existing dataset of outcome measures from the NIH Toolbox.
Journal Article
Development and psychometric assessment of a scale for evaluating healthcare professionals’ attitudes toward interprofessional education and collaboration in the United States: a cross-sectional study
Purpose: Interprofessional education (IPE) is increasingly recognized as critical to preparing health professionals for collaborative practice, yet rigorous assessment remains limited by a lack of psychometrically sound instruments. Building on a previously developed questionnaire for physicians, this study aimed to expand the scale to include allied health professionals and to evaluate whether the factor structure remained consistent across professions. We hypothesized that a similar factor structure would emerge from the combined dataset, thereby supporting the scale’s generalizability.Methods: This observational study included 930 healthcare professionals in the United States (379 physicians, 419 nurses, 76 pharmacists, and others) who completed a 35-item questionnaire addressing IPE competency domains. Data were collected between December 2019 and May 2020. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to examine the factor structure, followed by item response theory (IRT) analyses to assess item fit, reliability, and validity. Raw data are available upon request.Results: Factor analysis of 22 retained items confirmed a 5-factor solution: teamwork and communication, patient-centered care, roles and responsibilities, ethics and attitudes, and reflective practice, explaining 59% of the variance. Subscale reliabilities ranged from α=0.65 to 0.87. IRT analyses supported construct validity and measurement precision, while identifying areas for refinement in reflective practice.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the scale is reliable, valid, and generalizable across diverse health professions. It provides a robust tool for assessing attitudes toward IPE, offering value for curriculum evaluation, institutional benchmarking, and future longitudinal research on professional identity formation and collaborative practice.
Journal Article
What impacts students’ satisfaction the most from Medicine Student Experience Questionnaire in Australia: a validity study
Purpose: This study evaluated the validity of student feedback derived from Medicine Student Experience Questionnaire (MedSEQ), as well as the predictors of students’ satisfaction in the Medicine program.Methods: Data from MedSEQ applying to the University of New South Wales Medicine program in 2017, 2019, and 2021 were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s α were used to assess the construct validity and reliability of MedSEQ respectively. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions were used to identify the factors that most impact students’ overall satisfaction with the program.Results: A total of 1,719 students (34.50%) responded to MedSEQ. CFA showed good fit indices (root mean square error of approximation=0.051; comparative fit index=0.939; chi-square/degrees of freedom=6.429). All factors yielded good (α>0.7) or very good (α>0.8) levels of reliability, except the “online resources” factor, which had acceptable reliability (α=0.687). A multiple linear regression model with only demographic characteristics explained 3.8% of the variance in students’ overall satisfaction, whereas the model adding 8 domains from MedSEQ explained 40%, indicating that 36.2% of the variance was attributable to students’ experience across the 8 domains. Three domains had the strongest impact on overall satisfaction: “being cared for,” “satisfaction with teaching,” and “satisfaction with assessment” (β=0.327, 0.148, 0.148, respectively; all with P<0.001).Conclusion: MedSEQ has good construct validity and high reliability, reflecting students’ satisfaction with the Medicine program. Key factors impacting students’ satisfaction are the perception of being cared for, quality teaching irrespective of the mode of delivery and fair assessment tasks which enhance learning.
Journal Article
Development and initial psychometric evaluation of the computer-based prostate Cancer screening decision aid acceptance scale for African-American men
Background
To reliably evaluate the acceptance and use of computer-based prostate cancer decision aids (CBDAs) for African-American men, culturally relevant measures are needed. This study describes the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the 24-item Computer-Based Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Aid Acceptance Scale among 357 African-American men.
Methods
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with maximum likelihood estimation and polychoric correlations followed by Promax and Varimax rotations.
Results
EFA yielded three factors: Technology Use Expectancy and Intention (16 items), Technology Use Anxiety (5 items), and Technology Use Self-Efficacy (3 items) with good to excellent internal consistency reliability at .95, .90, and .85, respectively. The standardized root mean square residual (0.035) indicated the factor structure explained most of the correlations.
Conclusions
Findings suggest the three-factor, 24-item
Computer-Based Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Aid Acceptance Scale
has utility in determining the acceptance and use of CBDAs among African-American men at risk for prostate cancer. Future research is needed to confirm this factor structure among socio-demographically diverse African-Americans.
Journal Article
Validation of the 21st Century Skills Assessment Scale for public health students in Thailand: a methodological study
Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate the 21st Century Skills Assessment Scale (21CSAS) for Thai public health (PH) undergraduate students using the Partnership for 21st Century Skills framework.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 727 first- to fourth-year PH undergraduate students from 4 autonomous universities in Thailand. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires between January and March 2023. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore the underlying dimensions of 21CSAS, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the hypothesized factor structure using Mplus software (Muthén & Muthén). Reliability and item discrimination were assessed using Cronbach’s α and the corrected item-total correlation, respectively.Results: EFA performed on a dataset of 300 students revealed a 20-item scale with a 6-factor structure: (1) creativity and innovation; (2) critical thinking and problem-solving; (3) information, media, and technology; (4) communication and collaboration; (5) initiative and self-direction; and (6) social and cross-cultural skills. The rotated eigenvalues ranged from 2.12 to 1.73. CFA performed on another dataset of 427 students confirmed a good model fit (χ2/degrees of freedom=2.67, comparative fit index=0.93, Tucker-Lewis index=0.91, root mean square error of approximation=0.06, standardized root mean square residual=0.06), explaining 34%–71% of variance in the items. Item loadings ranged from 0.58 to 0.84. The 21CSAS had a Cronbach’s α of 0.92.Conclusion: The 21CSAS proved be a valid and reliable tool for assessing 21st century skills among Thai PH undergraduate students. These findings provide insights for educational system to inform policy, practice, and research regarding 21st-century skills among undergraduate students.
Journal Article
semPower: General power analysis for structural equation models
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a widespread and commonly used approach to test substantive hypotheses in the social and behavioral sciences. When performing hypothesis tests, it is vital to rely on a sufficiently large sample size to achieve an adequate degree of statistical power to detect the hypothesized effect. However, applications of SEM rarely consider statistical power in informing sample size considerations or determine the statistical power for the focal hypothesis tests performed. One reason is the difficulty in translating substantive hypotheses into specific effect size values required to perform power analyses, as well as the lack of user-friendly software to automate this process. The present paper presents the second version of the R package semPower which includes comprehensive functionality for various types of power analyses in SEM. Specifically, semPower 2 allows one to perform both analytical and simulated a priori, post hoc, and compromise power analysis for structural equation models with or without latent variables, and also supports multigroup settings and provides user-friendly convenience functions for many common model types (e.g., standard confirmatory factor analysis [CFA] models, regression models, autoregressive moving average [ARMA] models, cross-lagged panel models) to simplify power analyses when a model-based definition of the effect in terms of model parameters is desired.
Journal Article