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America under the hammer : auctions and the emergence of market values
This title reveals how, through auctions, early Americans learned capitalism. 'America Under the Hammer' follows this ubiquitous but largely overlooked institution to reveal how, across the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, price became an accepted expression of value. From the earliest days of colonial conquest, auctions put Native land and human beings up for bidding alongside material goods, normalizing new economic practices that turned social relations into economic calculations and eventually became recognizable as nineteenth-century American capitalism. Starting in the eighteenth century, neighbours collectively turned speculative value into economic 'facts' in the form of concrete prices for specific items, thereby establishing ideas about fair exchange in their communities.
BOOK
Fair Value Measurement
Get up to date on the latest FASB, SEC, and AICPA guidelines and best practices Fair Value Measurement provides hands-on guidance and the latest best practices for measuring fair value in financial reporting. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) have all updated their guidelines for practitioners, and this book details the changes from a practical perspective. This new third edition includes a discussion on Private Company Council accounting alternatives for business combinations and impairment testing, with a detailed example of the Market Participant Acquisition Premium (MPAP), including European and Asian examples and expanded discussion of IFRS. Fair value measurement guidelines continue to evolve, and this comprehensive reference provides a valuable, up-to-date resource for preparers, auditors, and valuation specialists. * Adopt the best practices for implementing the FASB's Topic 820 * Learn the latest reporting requirements for fair value measurements * Understand accounting alternatives for business combinations * Examine the details of MPAP in Europe and Asia Applying fair value measurements to financial statements requires a move away from rules-based standards and toward application of professional judgment. This controversial shift has led to a reliance on valuation specialists, who face their own challenges in applying Topic 820 amidst an economic downturn and recovery, leading to an ever evolving set of best practices. Practitioners must stay up to date, and be aware of the changes as they occur. Fair Value Measurement provides the most recent information and a practical approach to this area of financial reporting.
eBook
The development of international accounting and auditing standards for fair value accounting in the Arab Middle East, Jordan: a systematic review
A comprehensive literature review and analysis of auditing and \"fair value accounting (FVA)\" growth in Jordan and the \"Arab - Middle Eastern (ME)\" region are presented in this paper. It determines fair value implementation criteria and their impact on auditing pricing and application status. This paper reviewed relevant academic literature extensively. We used PRISMA principles to formulate questions and use systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically evaluate relevant papers. More than 155 top accounting journal papers from 2000 to 2023 are reviewed. Qualitative content analysis of FVA literature revealed two main themes. The first theme, institutional factors on FVA application decisions in the region, has three main topics: theoretical underpinning, local factors, and accounting system heritage. The second theme is FVA’s effects on auditing. The first theme found that institutional isomorphism drives FVA practices in Jordan, and the second theme shows that complex asset and liability estimates make FVA application difficult in Jordan. This review is the first to examine FVA and auditing. The identified subjects and subtopics’ theoretical underpinning and practical applicability are reviewed. The analysis concludes with research recommendations and limitations.
Journal Article
Auditing Challenging Fair Value Measurements
Concern about effective auditing of fair value measurements (FVMs) has risen in recent decades. Building on prior interview-based and experimental research, we provide an engagement-level analysis of challenging FVMs, using quantitative and qualitative data on audit phases from risk assessment to booking adjustments. Challenging FVMs have high estimation uncertainty, high subjectivity, significant/complex assumptions, and multiple valuation techniques. Estimation uncertainty is associated with higher inherent risk assessments, which are, in turn, predictive of client problems identified during the engagement. The use of a valuation specialist by auditors, associated with higher inherent risk and client specialist use, is a key decision: procedures performed by specialists have the highest yield in identifying problems. Auditor-client discussion of an adjustment increases with problem identification and auditors' expressions of residual concern about uncertainty post-testing. However, booked audit adjustments are infrequent; the only factors explaining income-decreasing adjustments are better evidential support and breadth of problems identified.
Journal Article
Value Relevance of FAS No. 157 Fair Value Hierarchy Information and the Impact of Corporate Governance Mechanisms
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 (FAS No. 157), Fair Value Measurements, prioritizes the source of information used in fair value measurements into three levels: (1) Level 1 (observable inputs from quoted prices in active markets), (2) Level 2 (indirectly observable inputs from quoted prices of comparable items in active markets, identical items in inactive markets, or other market-related information), and (3) Level 3 (unobservable, firm-generated inputs). Using quarterly reports of banking firms in 2008, we find that the value relevance of Level 1 and Level 2 fair values is greater than the value relevance of Level 3 fair values. In addition, we find evidence that the value relevance of fair values (especially Level 3 fair values) is greater for firms with strong corporate governance. Overall, our results support the relevance of fair value measurements under FAS No. 157, but weaker corporate governance machanisms may reduce the relevance of these measures.
Journal Article
Contractibility and Transparency of Financial Statement Information Prepared Under IFRS: Evidence from Debt Contracts Around IFRS Adoption
We outline several properties of IFRS that potentially affect the contractibility or the transparency of financial statement information, and hence the use of that information in debt contracts. Those properties include the increased choice among accounting rules IFRS gives to managers, enhanced rule-making uncertainty, and increased emphasis on fair value accounting. Consistent with reduced contractibility of IFRS financial statement information, we find a significant reduction in accounting-based debt covenants following mandatory IFRS adoption. The reduction in accounting covenant use is associated with measures of the difference between prior domestic standards and IFRS. Because IFRS adoption changed financial reporting in many ways simultaneously, it is difficult to trace the decline in accounting covenant use to individual IFRS properties, though we report larger declines in accounting covenant use in banks, which have a higher proportion of assets and liabilities that are fair-valued. Our findings are better explained by reduced contractibility than by increased transparency, which would predict reduced nonaccounting covenant use as well, whereas we observe increases. Overall, we conclude that IFRS rules sacrifice debt contracting usefulness to achieve other objectives, such as provision of accounting information relevant to valuation.
Journal Article
Corporates’ monitoring costs of fair value disclosures in pre- versus post-IFRS7 era: Jordanian financial business evidence
This study proposes a new auditing model that takes Fair Value Accounting (FVA) into account as a unique complexity and risk factor. It gives new empirical data on audit firm monitoring in Jordan over two periods: before and after the implementation of IFRS7 (pre- vs. post-IFRS7). The Ordinary Least Squares regression, which used 1470 firm-year observations from 2005 to 2018, reveals that post-IFRS7 positively impacts audit fees, whereas pre-IFRS7 has no effect. According to the change analysis, increasing Fair Value Disclosure (FVD) is the primary driver of rising audit expenses in the post-IFRS7 era (particularly for Level2 assets). An additional test using firms with and without FVDs corroborated these findings even more. The moderating influence of the presence of FVA on each pre-and post-IFRS7 and audit fees shows that the use of FVA is the primary cause of Jordan's high audit fees during the mandated FVA period. This research is the first to present fresh empirical evidence on audit firms monitoring expenses before and after FVD regulations using a sample from Jordan. The study's findings provide regulators with up-to-date practical information regarding adopting FVA. The outcomes help lawmakers monitor the audit profession and regulate FVA audit procedures.
Journal Article
Evidence on the use of unverifiable estimates in required goodwill impairment
SFAS 142 requires managers to estimate the current fair value of goodwill to determine goodwill write-offs. In promulgating the standard, the FASB predicted that managers will, on average, use the fair-value estimates to convey private information on future cash flows. The current fair value of goodwill is unverifiable because it depends in part on management’s future actions (including managers’ conceptualization and implementation of firm strategy). Agency theory predicts managers will, on average, use the unverifiable discretion in SFAS 142 consistent with private incentives. We test these hypotheses in a sample of firms with market indications of goodwill impairment. Our evidence, while consistent with some agency-theory based predictions, does not confirm the private information hypothesis.
Journal Article
Auditor Task-Specific Expertise
PCAOB inspections repeatedly indicate deficiencies in audits of fair-value (FV) estimates, prompting regulators to improve the related auditing standards. We predict that auditor task-specific FV expertise, gained from work experience during the audit of FV measurements, can contribute to higher audit quality. Utilizing FV-related restatements and comment letters, we find that expertise in auditing Level 3 FV estimates at the office level is associated with greater FV audit quality. Level 2 FV expertise or national level FV expertise is not associated with higher FV audit quality. Following the receipt of a comment letter, we further find that auditor FV expertise is associated with lower comment letter remediation costs and higher FV disclosure quality. Finally, we find that the value relevance of Level 3 FV disclosures increases with the extent of auditor FV expertise. Collectively, our results highlight that auditor fair value expertise contributes to the credibility and usefulness of FV disclosures.
Journal Article
Relevance of supplementary fair value disclosures under market uncertainty: effects on audit fees and investors’ pricing
Purpose
Concerns relating to the representational faithfulness and, consequently, the relevance of fair value (FV) estimates are likely to be heightened in the wake of market uncertainty caused by the COVID pandemic. Therefore, this paper aims to study the relevance of supplementary disclosures intended to improve the representational faithfulness of FV estimates by examining their impacts on audit fees and investors’ valuation of FV adjustments in the uncertain market condition of 2020.
Design/methodology/approach
The sample is comprising Australian real estate firms. The authors develop both weighted and unweighted disclosure indices based on supplementary disclosures related to Level 3 FVs under IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. The authors measure the levels of disclosure by the sample firms based on these indices from 2018 to 2020 and ascertain their effects on audit fees and the market value of FV adjustments on investment properties.
Findings
The authors find that real estate firms increased supplementary FV disclosures during 2020. The authors document a negative association between supplementary disclosures and audit fees, although the authors find no incremental impact of disclosures on audit fees during the pandemic. Additionally, the authors find that investors’ pricing of FV adjustments increased with the increase in disclosures during the market uncertainty of 2020, while in the pre-uncertainty period, their pricing influence was not significant.
Originality/value
The findings extend the understanding of the role of supplementary disclosures on Level 3 investment properties in mitigating the perceived audit risk for auditors and the faithful representation concerns for investors in a distressed market environment.
Journal Article