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Fare evasion in public transport systems: a review of the literature
Fare evasion has become an important issue for public transport companies, especially for those that have adopted proof-of-payment ticketing systems. Recent years have seen strong growth in the publication of studies on fare evasion. This paper reviews 113 studies to identify the characteristics of the research on fare evasion. An overview and classification in five main areas, i.e., fare evader-oriented, criminological, economic, technological, and operational is provided. Next, the
status quo
of these studies is assessed to support possible unifying research development.
Journal Article
The Heart of Lebanon : brief excursions into our mountains and history
\"\"The Heart of Lebanon\" is an English translation of a work by the Lebanese-American writer, Amin al-RIhani. His journeys from his own village of Freike into the mountains of Lebanon allow him to tell the stories of people, villages, and monuments-each journey offering depictions of spectacular scenery and a fascinating cast of characters\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Urban Mobility Modeling in PTV Visum with Various Options for Bus Fare Structure
The study focused on applying linear and non-additive fare structure models to simulate flat fares with a set of constraints for each fare model that can be used on public transport in real-world conditions. To this end, a method for modeling flat fares using PTV Visum software, specifically the origin-destination fare model, has been developed. The impedance function, which is used in the public transport headway-based assignment, is determined to minimize deviations between actual and calculated passenger volumes for bus routes using SQV statistics. The case study aims to develop a method for modeling flat fares within PTV Visum to predict and analyze passenger traffic on municipal bus routes in the Ukrainian city of Kryvyi Rih in the case of implementing flat fares for these routes. Two options were modeled: the current situation with a flat fare of UAH 15 (EUR 0.35) for bus routes run by private operators and fare-free public transit for municipal bus routes, and an anticipated scenario with a flat fare of UAH 15 (EUR 0.35) for bus routes operated by private companies and a flat fare of 8 UAH (0.18 EUR) for municipal bus routes. These evaluations provide insight into passenger flows on municipal bus routes under the existing fare option and in the case of implementing a charge for municipal transport in Kryvyi Rih. Obtaining results of passenger volumes and devising an approach to fare modeling is crucial for transportation sector decision-makers, aiding in the development of effective fare strategies within the city.
Journal Article
Why (not) abolish fares? Exploring the global geography of fare-free public transport
Although the policy of abolishing fares in public transport—here referred to as “fare-free public transport” (FFPT)—exists in nearly 100 localities worldwide, it has not been thoroughly researched. To start filling this gap, I enhance the conceptual clarity about fare abolition. I start by providing a definition of FFPT, discussing its different forms, and introducing a distinction between “partial” FFPT and—the main focus of the paper—“full” FFPT. Next, I distinguish three perspectives on full FFPT—first, approaches that assess fare abolition primarily against its economic impact; second, analyses that look at its contribution to “sustainable” development; third, more critical arguments highlighting its politically transformative and socially just potential. Against the background of this debate I offer the most comprehensive inventory of full FFPT programmes to date, and begin to chart and examine their global geography. As a result, FFPT emerges as a policy that takes diverse forms and exists in diverse locations. Supported and contested by diverse rationales, it cannot be analysed as transport instrument alone.
Journal Article
