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"Farm Women"
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Assessment of nutritional status and habitual dietary intake of Indian farm women: Evidence from a case study in central India
•This study surveyed the dynamics of nutritional status based on dietary intake of farm women in the central India state of Madhya Pradesh.•Inequality (estimated by Gini coefficient) analysis found that there is not much variation in the nutrient intake levels across the physical status of the respondents.•Actual intake of nutrients varied significantly across the physical status of the farm women, the physical activities they carried out, and their monthly income level.•The study also suggests a slew of policy options to overcome the nutritional gap in farm women.
Nutritional security for women working in agriculture is one of the most serious and persisting concerns in developing countries like India. The present study surveyed the dynamics of nutritional status based on dietary intake, namely calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, folic acid, iron, vitamin, carotene, etc., in the farm women in the central India state of Madhya Pradesh.
A total of 225 farm women (ages 18 to 60 y) who were engaged in agricultural activities were selected for this study. The nutritional survey was done by personal interview on food intake with a pretested interview schedule and daily dietary intake. The survey questionnaire includes information on family, socioeconomic status, income, education, occupation, and food habits of the farm women. As \"daily dietary intake\", respondents were asked to list all foods and beverages consumed for a whole day.
The mean age, height, weight, and body mass index of the respondents were 34.93 y, 1519 mm, 49.47 kg, and 21.5 kg/m2, respectively. Based on different grades of nutrition, body mass index results indicated that 28% were underweight, 52.4% were normal, 17.8% were overweight, and 1.8% were obese. Inequality (estimated by Gini coefficient) analysis found that there is not much variation in the nutrient intake levels across the physical status of the respondents, with the exception of carotene and vitamin C. The classification and regression tree analysis indicated that with the exception of fat, the rest of the nutrients were not significant in determining the farm women's physical status in terms of weight. In the analysis of the waist-to-hip ratio, the risk of metabolic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc.) was higher in the 31- to 40-y age group.
Overall food frequency indicated that poor intake of micronutrients in their diet according to their work activity results in poor health status. The study affirmed that the actual intake of nutrients varied significantly across the physical status of the farm women, their physical activities carried out, and their monthly income level. The study also suggests various policy options to overcome the nutritional gap in farm women.
Journal Article
Imperial Plots
Sarah Carter's Imperial Plots: Women, Land, and the Spadework of British Colonialism on the Canadian Prairies examines the goals, aspirations, and challenges met by women who sought land of their own.
Supporters of British women homesteaders argued they would contribute to the \"spade-work\" of the Empire through their imperial plots, replacing foreign settlers and relieving Britain of its \"surplus\" women. Yet far into the twentieth century there was persistent opposition to the idea that women could or should farm: British women were to be exemplars of an idealized white femininity, not toiling in the fields. In Canada, heated debates about women farmers touched on issues of ethnicity, race, gender, class, and nation.
Despite legal and cultural obstacles and discrimination, British women did acquire land as homesteaders, farmers, ranchers, and speculators on the Canadian prairies. They participated in the project of dispossessing Indigenous people. Their complicity was, however, ambiguous and restricted because they were excluded from the power and privileges of their male counterparts.
Imperial Plots depicts the female farmers and ranchers of the prairies, from the Indigenous women agriculturalists of the Plains to the array of women who resolved to work on the land in the first decades of the twentieth century.
eBook
Putting the barn before the house
Putting the Barn Before the Housefeatures the voices and viewpoints of women born before World War I who lived on family farms in south-central New York. As she did in her previous book,Bonds of Community, for an earlier period in history, Grey Osterud explores the flexible and varied ways that families shared labor and highlights the strategies of mutuality that women adopted to ensure they had a say in family decision making. Sharing and exchanging work also linked neighboring households and knit the community together. Indeed, the culture of cooperation that women espoused laid the basis for the formation of cooperatives that enabled these dairy farmers to contest the power of agribusiness and obtain better returns for their labor. Osterud recounts this story through the words of the women and men who lived it and carefully explores their views about gender, labor, and power, which offered an alternative to the ideas that prevailed in American society. Most women saw \"putting the barn before the house\"-investing capital and labor in productive operations rather than spending money on consumer goods or devoting time to mere housework-as a necessary and rational course for families who were determined to make a living on the land and, if possible, to pass on viable farms to the next generation. Some women preferred working outdoors to what seemed to them the thankless tasks of urban housewives, while others worked off the farm to support the family. Husbands and wives, as well as parents and children, debated what was best and negotiated over how to allocate their limited labor and capital and plan for an uncertain future. Osterud tells the story of an agricultural community in transition amid an industrializing age with care and skill.
eBook
Gender and the Global Land Grab
Since the year 2000, millions of hectares of land in the Global South have been acquired by foreign investors for large-scale agricultural projects, displacing and disrupting rural communities. Women are especially disadvantaged by the global land grab: they are less likely to inherit, control, or make decisions over land, but often need land to support themselves, their families, and their communities. While international organizations have developed global guidelines to improve land governance, tensions still run high as the current policies fall short.
Gender and the Global Land Grab introduces a feminist conceptual framework to analyze land governance policy around the world. Andrea Collins shows how gender norms, biases, and expectations shape land politics at different levels of governance. Drawing on examples from sub-Saharan Africa and with an in-depth case study of land politics in Tanzania, the book assesses guidelines developed by institutions such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Bank to highlight essential considerations for developing and implementing gender-sensitive policy.
Illustrating how gender shapes resource policy across all levels of political activity, Gender and the Global Land Grab provides valuable tools for transforming global policymaking.
eBook
Analysis of extent of credit access among women farm-entrepreneurs based on membership in table banking (TB)
PurposeInadequate finance is considered a major factor limiting the growth of small-scale women-owned farm enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa. Women empowerment programs such as table banking (TB) and women enterprise fund were initiated in an attempt to curb the credit gap affecting women in agribusiness. This paper determines the factors influencing the extent of credit access among women farm-entrepreneurs who are either members or nonmembers of TB groups in Kenya.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted in Kericho County using a sample of 384 respondents. Factor analysis was used to generate three indicators of entrepreneurial orientation which were included as explanatory variables in the regressions. Double hurdle econometric model was employed to analyze the factors influencing the decisions on credit uptake and amount of borrowed loan. Separate models were estimated for members and nonmembers of TB groups since they differed in volume and source of loan accessed.FindingsResults reveal that age of the woman and innovativeness negatively influenced credit access, whereas education level, participation in off-farm activities, number of farm enterprises, perception on interest rate, extension contacts and financial knowledge positively influenced the decision to access credit. On the other hand, participation in off-farm activities, risk-taking behavior, total land size, extension access and financial knowledge were statistically significant with positive correlation on the amount of loan borrowed. Significant factors differ between members and nonmembers of TB groups implying divergence in underlying credit access challenges once one has joined such groups.Research limitations/implicationsThe study did not consider supply-side factors affecting the amount of loan accessed by women farm-entrepreneurs.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the pioneer studies using the double hurdle model to analyze factors influencing the extent of credit access specifically among women farm-entrepreneurs and carrying out the analysis by membership in TB groups.
Journal Article