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Review of anthrax: A disease of farm animals
Anthrax is a rapidly fatal infectious disease affecting herbivores and people. In the farm ani¬mals, cattle and sheep are more susceptible, followed by goats and horses, while dwarf pigs and Algerian sheep are relatively resistant. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, produces spores and persists for decades in the soil, initiating an outbreak through a favorable climate shift. Anthrax is enzootic in many Asian and African countries, and is reported in Australia, some parts of Europe, and America. The clinical courses of this disease in animals are peracute, acute, sub¬acute, and chronic forms. In severely infected cases, the animals are dead without premonitory clinical signs. The blood may fail to clot and can be found in the mouth, nostrils, and anus in the animals that die from anthrax. This bacterium is susceptible to many antibiotics, yet only penicillin and oxytetracycline have the most effective under field conditions. When an outbreak occurs in a defined area, it is necessary to take early steps to break the infection cycle by maintaining strict biosecurity and vaccinating uninfected animals. This disease is still a challenge to farm animal production in many countries. This review intends to give a fair knowledge of the etiology, epi¬demiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and control of this disease.
Journal Article
Emma's circus
\"A girl is excited when the circus comes to town, but her family on the farm is too busy with chores to enjoy it\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Global Farm Animal Production and Global Warming: Impacting and Mitigating Climate Change
Background: The farm animal sector is the single largest anthropogenic user of land, contributing to many environmental problems, including global warming and climate change. Objectives: The aim of this study was to synthesize and expand upon existing data on the contribution of farm animal production to climate change. Methods: We analyzed the scientific literature on farm animal production and documented greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as various mitigation strategies. Discussions: An analysis of meat, egg, and milk production encompasses not only the direct rearing and slaughtering of animals, but also grain and fertilizer production for animal feed, waste storage and disposal, water use, and energy expenditures on farms and in transporting feed and finished animal products, among other key impacts of the production process as a whole. Conclusions: Immediate and far-reaching changes in current animal agriculture practices and consumption patterns are both critical and timely if GHGs from the farm animal sector are to be mitigated.
Journal Article
From Animal Personality to Animal Individuality in Farm Animals – A Review
As a result of the domestication process and systematic breeding, livestock species have been shaped as donors of animal goods for humans. The animals’ role so defined, which has remained unchanged for millennia, now faces criticism from intellectuals (posthumanism), pro-animal activists, and increasingly often, postmodern societies. The core aspect of this growing conflict can be described at the level relationship between the personality/individuality of farm animals, animals as persons/nonpersons, and animals as moral subjects/agents. This review aims to discuss these relationships in the context of the current state of ethical reflection and knowledge, and in relation to the future of livestock production. It presents problems of definition and research methodology in the field of animal personality, with particular reference to farm animals, characterises the dilemmas of the moral status of animals in the personality/individuality of farm animals – animals as persons/nonpersons – animals as moral subjects/agents, and discusses the relationship between farm animal personality and animal individuality; moreover, it undertakes to analyse the possibilities of individualised treatment of farm animals at the level of future livestock production. It concludes, among other things, that the concept of “animal personality” in relation to farm animals remains undefined in both research and social spaces. While livestock animals remain moral subjects, some ethical concepts attribute to them a wider range of rights intended for personal moral agents. At the same time, it was noted that an individualised approach to animals appears to be one of the most important aspects in the sourcing food of animal origin in the future, in line with a systematically increasing level of animal welfare.
Journal Article
Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant
This monumental text-reference places in clear persepctive the importance of nutritional assessments to the ecology and biology of ruminants and other nonruminant herbivorous mammals. Now extensively revised and significantly expanded, it reflects the changes and growth in ruminant nutrition and related ecology since 1982. Among the subjects Peter J. Van Soest covers are nutritional constraints, mineral nutrition, rumen fermentation, microbial ecology, utilization of fibrous carbohydrates, application of ruminant precepts to fermentive digestion in nonruminants, as well as taxonomy, evolution, nonruminant competitors, gastrointestinal anatomies, feeding behavior, and problems fo animal size. He also discusses methods of evaluation, nutritive value, physical struture and chemical composition of feeds, forages, and broses, the effects of lignification, and ecology of plant self-protection, in addition to metabolism of energy, protein, lipids, control of feed intake, mathematical models of animal function, digestive flow, and net energy. Van Soest has introduced a number of changes in this edition, including new illustrations and tables. He places nutritional studies in historical context to show not only the effectiveness of nutritional approaches but also why nutrition is of fundamental importance to issues of world conservation. He has extended precepts of ruminant nutritional ecology to such distant adaptations as the giant panda and streamlined conceptual issues in a clearer logical progression, with emphasis on mechanistic causal interrelationships. Peter J. Van Soest is Professor of Animal Nutrition in the Department of Animal Science and the Division of Nutritional Sciences at the New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University.
eBook
Farm animals
\"Learn about farm animals and learn to read along with a grown-up.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Improving accountability for farm animal welfare: the performative role of a benchmark device
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate accountability for farm animal welfare (FAW) in food companies. FAW is an important social issue, yet it is difficult to define and measure, meaning that it is difficult for companies to demonstrate accountability. The authors investigate a proposed solution, the Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare (BBFAW), and how it has disrupted the informal rules or culture of the market. The research questions centre on the process of response to BBFAW and the necessary characteristics for BBFAW to play a performative role in the market.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs an analysis of published BBFAW reports (2012–2017) and case study interviews in five BBFAW firms, in order to address the research questions.FindingsThe authors present evidence of a dynamic, repetitive process, starting with recognition of the importance of FAW and BBFAW, followed by internal discussions and the commitment of resources, and changes in communication to external stakeholders. Three necessary characteristics for performativity are proposed: common language, building networks and expanding markets.Originality/valueThis paper reflects a socially important issue that is under-represented in the accounting literature. The results provide an insight into the use of external accounts to drive collaboratively the social change agenda. The performativity process and identified characteristics contribute to expanding this literature in the accounting domain.
Journal Article