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For decades, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic welfare and inhibit agricultural trade and economic growth. They almost certainly add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since three-quarters of the world's billion poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. During the past two decades, however, numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries also have begun reducing market-distorting aspects of their farm policies. The author surveys the changing extent of policy distortions to prices faced by developing-country farmers over the past half century, and provides a summary of new empirical estimates from a global economy-wide model that yield estimates of how much could be gained by removing the interventions remaining as of 2004. The author concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform in both developing and high-income countries.

Purpose Rice husk is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many rice producing countries of the world. Here, we evaluated carrot production under different rice husk-amended media aimed at providing alternative use for rice husk. Methods The experimental design was 2×5×4 factorial in completely randomized design with six replications. Factor A consist of two production environments—high tunnel and open field while factor B was five growth media—5:0:0, 4:0:1, 3:1:1, 2:2:1 and 1:3:1 (topsoil:rice husk:poultry manure). Factor C was four carrot varieties; ‘Touchon’, ‘Amazonia’, ‘Carrot New Kuroda’ and ‘Touchon Mega’. Data were collected on seedling emergence and yield parameters. The analyzed means were separated using FLSD (0.05). Results The biomass yield from plants grown in high tunnel was significantly higher than plants in the open field. Highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield were obtained from medium 4:0:1 followed by 3:1:1. Harvest index ranged from 32.3% in medium 1:3:1 to 62% in 3:1:1. Days to seedling emergence among varieties ranged from 8.5 to 11.3. ‘Amazonia’ variety produced the highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield and was followed by ‘Touchon Mega’. Conclusion Carrot seedling emergence and yield differed in rice husk-amended media under high tunnel and open field environments. ‘Amazonia’ variety grown in media 4:0:1 or 3:1:1 gave the best yield. Inclusion of rice husk in media formulation beyond an optimum rate resulted in yield reduction in carrot. Carrot is sensitive to the physio-chemical properties of its growth medium.

Purpose Rice husk is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many rice producing countries of the world. Here, we evaluated carrot production under different rice husk-amended media aimed at providing alternative use for rice husk. Methods The experimental design was 2 × 5 × 4 factorial in completely randomized design with six replications. Factor A consist of two production environments—high tunnel and open field while factor B was five growth media—5:0:0, 4:0:1, 3:1:1, 2:2:1 and 1:3:1 (topsoil:rice husk:poultry manure). Factor C was four carrot varieties; ‘Touchon’, ‘Amazonia’, ‘Carrot New Kuroda’ and ‘Touchon Mega’. Data were collected on seedling emergence and yield parameters. The analysed means were separated using FLSD (0.05). Results The biomass yield from plants grown in high tunnel was significantly higher than plants in the open field. Highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield were obtained from medium 4:0:1 followed by 3:1:1. Harvest index ranged from 32.3% in medium 1:3:1 to 62% in 3:1:1. Days to seedling emergence among varieties ranged from 8.5 to 11.3. ‘Amazonia’ variety produced the highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield and was followed by ‘Touchon Mega’. Conclusion Carrot seedling emergence and yield differed in rice husk-amended media under high tunnel and open field environments. ‘Amazonia’ variety grown in media 4:0:1 or 3:1:1 gave the best yield. Inclusion of rice husk in media formulation beyond an optimum rate resulted in yield reduction in carrot. Carrot is sensitive to the physio-chemical properties of its growth medium.

Wu, S.; Wang, Q.; Walt, W., and Lei, G., 2020. Prediction model of the economic development of agricultural products logistics chain in port city. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 753–756. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In this work, a now prediction model for the economic development of port city's agricultural products logistics chain is proposed. Based on the prediction model, the port city's farm products logistics chain economic development data were extracted, and the overall logistics chain economic development prediction evaluation was carried out. Design simulation experiment, compare the design model and big data port city agricultural products logistics chain economic development prediction model error rate, prove the effectiveness of the study.

The aim of this research is to examine whether consumers in Croatia behave ethically, focusing on whether they believe that family farm products have ethical attributes and whether they are willing to pay a higher price (premium) for such products. Given the specificity of the market niche of family farm products, the paper provides an innovative and different view of the product market with a focus on characteristics rather than the good itself. In the paper, family farm products are viewed as goods with ethical attributes, ethics in consumer behavior is examined, as well as the extent to which consumers are willing to pay a price premium for an ethical good, i.e., its ethical attributes. The sample consisted of 143 participants aged between 20 and 71. The results show that consumers in Croatia commonly behave ethically, perceive the characteristics of family farm products as ethical and are willing to pay a price premium for these products. Women perceive family farm products more ethically, and consumers perceive family farm products to have ethical attributes regardless of how frequently they buy these products.

This research explores indicators of the attitudes, preferences, and features of customers who buy at farmers’ markets in India, using an intercept survey design. Single-stage purposive sampling was carried out in which consumers were targeted at weekend farmers’ markets at nine different locations within the state of Maharashtra, India. Over a 2-month period of data collection (eight weekend visits) a total of 255 consumers were interviewed on site at the time of purchase, from whom we collected 235 completed questionnaires. Consumers in the sample were divided into three clusters and were rated positively on all seven factors considered. The findings of the study are that in cluster 1, about 80% of consumers were willing to pay more at the farmers’ market rather than to go to a nearby retail outlet or supermarket. Cluster 2 comprised those consumers who prefer value for money while cluster 3 includes those consumers who gave a high rating to the hygiene and service conditions at the market. This research concludes that consumers are positive about the operation of farmers’ markets held near their home.

This research explores indicators of the attitudes, preferences, and features of customers who buy at farmers’ markets in India, using an intercept survey design. Single-stage purposive sampling was carried out in which consumers were targeted at weekend farmers’ markets at nine different locations within the state of Maharashtra, India. Over a 2-month period of data collection (eight weekend visits) a total of 255 consumers were interviewed on site at the time of purchase, from whom we collected 235 completed questionnaires. Consumers in the sample were divided into three clusters and were rated positively on all seven factors considered. The findings of the study are that in cluster 1, about 80% of consumers were willing to pay more at the farmers’ market rather than to go to a nearby retail outlet or supermarket. Cluster 2 comprised those consumers who prefer value for money while cluster 3 includes those consumers who gave a high rating to the hygiene and service conditions at the market. This research concludes that consumers are positive about the operation of farmers’ markets held near their home.

The bioeconomy framework emphasizes potential contributions of life sciences to novel, bio-based products and to discover economic uses for what would otherwise be considered waste or loss in traditional production systems. To best exploit this perspective, especially for biowaste innovations, economists should develop behavioral models that integrate decision-making with biophysical concepts. The supply to bioeconomy uses of farm production otherwise lost depends on the relative net benefits of adjusting production across a range of quality levels. Without understanding such incentives, one cannot fully anticipate the effects on prices and consumer welfare due to new alternatives. The analysis here examines farm-level incentives that determine quality, sales and loss levels, and possible switching of supplies to alternative uses. We present a farmer decision model of the distribution of product qualities, total losses, and the adoption of alternative profitable activities, such as for antioxidants or other novel bioproducts. We demonstrate how the introduction of bio-based alternatives changes opportunity costs of resource use, altering product quality proportions and sales to traditional markets. Adopting biowaste alternatives depends on scale, productivity, and fixed costs; adopting these reduces the proportion of production going to traditional buyers/consumers and shifts downward the distribution of traditional product (e.g., food-grade) qualities.

Introduction/Main Objectives: Significant price increases in food items and uncertainty in the market probably have a severe impact on society, and especially on low-income households. Background Problems: The increases in food prices could have a large impact on the economy and specifically on households. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate what the demand for food, specifically high-nutrient food items, and the impact on welfare are like in Indonesian households when food prices rise. Novelty: There is a great deal of empirical research into the impact of food price changes on household welfare, however studies that have focused on high-nutrient commodities, in particular on self-produced food, are still limited. Many of the previous studies used cross-sectional data for one period but this study used two-wave longitudinal data. Research Methods: Using a large sample of data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), this study employed the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) to identify the demand pattern and applied compensating variation (CV) to understand the impact of soaring food prices on welfare changes. Findings/Results: Overall, the analysis of the impact notes that when prices increase, all household groups would experience welfare losses. The poorest households would experience less of a welfare loss than the richest households, while a larger welfare loss is suffered by households in Java and rural areas. Conclusion: For the low-income households, having their own productive farms could overcome any economic shocks threatening them. Thus, the government should support small-scale farming through such strategic policies as giving them assistance and training in how to manage a small farm.

Participation in farm markets is important for increasing income of farmers in the developing countries. A number of factors account for a household participation in agricultural marketing. This study attempts to explore such associated factors which play a significant role in farmers' participation in farm markets in rural northwest Pakistan. Drawing on empirical data from the field survey; gur, vegetables, and milk were the main products offered for marketing in the area. The degree of specialization of market relations was based on the nature of the farm product. In gur markets, the marketing relations were based on personalized terms whereas in vegetable markets, they were exclusively commercialized. The results of the binary logit model show that size of selfcultivated land and number of livestock, were important determinants of a household participation in agricultural marketing. The study concludes that participation in agricultural markets could be substantially increased through improved infrastructure, commercialized farming systems, and increased number of farm markets so that the dominance of few selected commission agents is minimized.