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Die faroische Gegenwartsorthographie ging nicht wie die moderne Rechtschreibung vieler Sprachen aus einer jahrhundertelangen Schrifttradition hervor, sondern wurde im Wesentlichen im 19. Jh. neu erschaffen. Ihre Grundungsdokumente bestehen aus vier faroischen Zauberspruchen, die in einer bis Mitte des 19. Jh. ublichen, relativ orthophonen Schreibweise gefasst sind. Als die Zauberspruche 1846 veroffentlicht werden sollten, wurden sie schrittweise in eine stark historisierende Schreibweise uberfuhrt, die in der faroischen Gegenwartsorthographie resultiert hat. Diese Orthographie ist bemerkenswert, weil mit ihr synchron gesehen ein sehr groer Abstand zwischen Graphemik und Phonemik sprachplanerisch erfolgreich eingefuhrt werden konnte, obwohl gerade solche Verhaltnisse ansonsten vielfach als reformbedurftig gelten. Das vorliegende Buch enthalt eine Edition aller relevanten Handschriften und ordnet diese in ihren kulturhistorischen Kontext ein. Unlike the modern orthography of many other languages, Modern Faroese spelling did not emerge from centuries of literary tradition, but was re-created mainly in the 19th century. Its founding documents consist of four Faroese spells written in a relatively orthophone spelling that was common up until the middle of the 19th century. Prior to their publication in 1864, the spells were converted step by step into a spelling with orthographic depth along diachronic lines which eventually resulted in Modern Faroese spelling. This spelling is remarkable, since it represents the successful normative implementation of an orthographic system which, seen from a synchronic point of view, maintains a vast gap between graphemes and phonemes, a state of affairs that in most cases would be a reason for, not a result of spelling reforms. The present book contains an edition of all relevant manuscripts, and situates them in their cultural and historical context.

Modern Faroese spelling did not emerge from centuries of literary tradition, but was re-created mainly in the 19th century. Its founding documents consist of four spells written in a relatively orthophone spelling. Prior to their publication in 1864, these were converted into a spelling with orthographic depth along diachronic lines.

Grammaticalization as standardly conceived is a change whereby an item develops from a lexical to a grammatical or functional meaning, or from being less to more grammatical. In this article we show that this can only be part of the story; for a full account we need to understand the syntactic structures into which grammaticalizing elements fit and how they too develop. To achieve this end we consider in detail the history of definiteness marking within the noun phrase in North Germanic, and in particular in Faroese. We show how this change requires us to distinguish between projecting and nonprojecting categories, and how a category can emerge over time and only subsequently develop into a head with its own associated functional projection. The necessary structure, rather than being intrinsic to an aprioristic universal grammar, grows over time as part of the grammaticalization process. We suggest that this in turn argues for a parallel correspondence theory of grammar such as the one adopted here, LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR, in which different dimensions of linguistic structure can change at different rates.

Drawing on novel data collected from 216 speakers (108 speakers of Icelandic and Faroese, respectively), we provide a micro comparative examination of the distribution and interpretation of double object (DO) and prepositional (PP) ditransitives in Insular Scandinavian. Overall, PPs are more acceptable in both Icelandic and Faroese than has been previously reported, with a substantial amount of variation in Icelandic. Even though verbal semantics interacts with PPs more so in Icelandic than in Faroese, different verbs in the same semantic class pattern differently in both languages, complexifying claims that have been made about the semantic restrictions on PPs (Þráinsson, Höskuldur. Syntax of Icelandic. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007 and Þráinsson, Höskuldur et al. Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar. Føroya Frόðskaparfelag, Tόrshavn, 2004). Furthermore, our findings suggest that ditransitive verbs in Insular Scandinavian do not entail successful transfer of possession, irrespective of verb class. This is counter to claims that have been made for English, for which ‘give’-type verbs are argued to entail successful transfer (e.g., Rappaport Hovav and Levin in J Linguist 44(1):129–167, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226707004975; Beavers in J Semant 28(1):1–54, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffq014; Bruening in Nat Lang Linguist Theory 39:1023–1085, 2021).

Norwegian, like Swedish and Faroese, exhibits double definiteness: modified definite phrases normally contain both a prenominal determiner and a suffixed definite article on the noun. However, exceptions—phrases with only the determiner or only the suffixed article—can be found. This article investigates adjectives which do not need to be preceded by the prenominal determiner in Norwegian. Corpus data and acceptability judgments are used to describe these exceptions and to propose a syntactic analysis. The study shows that there are three types of adjectives in Norwegian: regular ones that require double definiteness, exceptional adjectives that allow determiner omission, and quantifier adjectives that never occur with a determiner. I argue that phrases with exceptional adjectives can be accounted for by the same movement that is proposed for determiner-less phrases in Icelandic and Northern Swedish (Julien 2002, 2005). Finally, the article presents a brief exploration of the patterns of variation in omission versus presence of the determiner, including historical and dialectal variation.

The experience of several adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been shown to be associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) symptoms among adolescents. Defense mechanisms and coping styles are psychological processes involved in the association of ACEs with PTSD and DSO symptoms. However, there is a lack of research on the joint association of these variables among Faroese adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of exposure to ACEs on PTSD and DSO symptoms trough the indirect effect of defense mechanisms and coping styles in a sample of Faroese adolescents. Six hundred and eighty-seven Faroese adolescents were recruited from 19 schools. Participants responded to validated self-report questionnaires. A multiple step mediation and a serial mediation methodology were conducted through structural equation modeling. Exposure to ACEs was linked to PTSD and DSO symptoms through the indirect effect of immature defense mechanisms, emotional coping, and detachment coping. Exposure to ACEs was linked to PTSD symptoms through rational coping. The results suggest a mutual relationship between defense mechanisms and coping styles in coping with multiple adversity among adolescents.

Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus is an important migratory fish in Faroese waters and the Northeast Atlantic at large. Similar to other fish species from marine environments, mackerel can be infected by the myxozoan parasite Kudoa thyrsites , leading to myoliquefaction that renders the fish commercially unviable. Despite the ecological and economic significance of K. thyrsites as a parasite, little is known regarding its prevalence in the Faroese mackerel fishery. Prior to analysing field samples, we examined 104 samples of Atlantic mackerel selected from a Faroese processing plant on the basis of visible soft-tissue. Using microscope smears we observed K. thyrsites in 98% of the soft-tissue mackerel specimens and a direct comparison with qPCR demonstrated strong agreement between the two techniques (Φ = 0.429, p<0.01; Fisher’s exact test). We used qPCR to analyze a total of 594 Atlantic mackerel specimens, collected from Faroese fishing grounds during 2017 and 2018. Overall prevalence was 4.1% (95% confidence interval; 2.5-5.7%) and ranged from 0-14% at different locations. Infection by K. thyrsites was documented in fish as young as 2 years (195g) and up to 14 years (615g) of age. A logistic regression model indicated the odds of infection were statistically associated with sampling location and month, but not gender, age, weight or length, although a Chi-squared test on age categories showed the oldest fish (>10 years) had highest prevalence (10.8%, CI: 4.2-17.5%). In order to investigate potential infection pathways we performed qPCR analysis on eDNA in water samples collected from the Faroese Plateau. However, we found no molecular evidence for K. thyrsites spores in Faroese plankton assemblages. Our data support the prevailing hypothesis that both the alternating invertebrate host and infection of Atlantic mackerel by K. thyrsites occurs in more southern waters.

This paper focuses on Faroese preaspiration, a phenomenon observed in Western Nordic and in some Eastern Nordic dialects, where fortis stops are preceded by a glottal frication noise in specific contexts. After observing all environments where the mechanism is triggered, I provide phonological representations of the phenomena based on Government Phonology 2.0. In this model, the segmental structures contain melody but also space, which allows for intersegmental relations such as lengthening, even without adding new morphological material. As preaspiration depends on the vowel preceding the fortis stop—more precisely, on its vocalic quality and length—I propose analyzing preaspiration as a spreading of the fortis consonant toward the vowel on the left. In doing so, I provide a unified analysis of all environments in which preaspiration occurs.*

Research has shown the importance of vocabulary development in relation to other parts of language development, e.g. grammar and reading development. Cross-linguistic research has shown similar as well as dissimilar tendencies regarding content in different languages. This study examines, for the first time, the characteristics of Faroese children’s early productive vocabulary utilizing a Faroese adaptation of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). The study participants were 415 children aged 8 to 20 months. The results provide information on the composition and characteristics of lexical development in Faroese children and demonstrate that nouns are dominant among first words, as are onomatopoetic words and words describing family relationships. Faroese children are comparable to children learning other languages with respect to rate of acquisition and composition of words, with a somewhat higher share of words describing family members as stable words in the emerging language.