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Social media has emerged as a dominant platform where individuals freely share opinions and communicate globally. Its role in disseminating news worldwide is significant due to its easy accessibility. However, the increase in the use of these platforms presents severe risks for potentially misleading people. Our research aims to investigate different techniques within machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble learning frameworks in Arabic fake news detection. We integrated FastText word embeddings with various machine learning and deep learning methods. We then leveraged advanced transformer-based models, including BERT, XLNet, and RoBERTa, optimizing their performance through careful hyperparameter tuning. The research methodology involves utilizing two Arabic news article datasets, AFND and ARABICFAKETWEETS datasets, categorized into fake and real subsets and applying comprehensive preprocessing techniques to the text data. Four hybrid deep learning models are presented: CNN-LSTM, RNN-CNN, RNN-LSTM, and Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM. The Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM model demonstrated superior performance regarding the F1 score, accuracy, and loss metrics. The precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy of the hybrid Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM model on the AFND Dataset are 0.97, 0.97, 0.98, and 0.98, and on the ARABICFAKETWEETS dataset are 0.98, 0.98, 0.99, and 0.99 respectively. The study’s primary conclusion is that when spotting fake news in Arabic, the Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM model outperforms other models by a significant margin. It significantly aids the global fight against false information by setting the stage for future research to expand fake news detection to multiple languages.

Efficient word representation techniques (word embeddings) with modern machine learning models have shown reasonable improvement on automatic text classification tasks. However, the effectiveness of such techniques has not been evaluated yet in terms of insufficient word vector representation for training. Convolutional Neural Network has achieved significant results in pattern recognition, image analysis, and text classification. This study investigates the application of the CNN model on text classification problems by experimentation and analysis. We trained our classification model with a prominent word embedding generation model, Fast Text on publically available datasets, six benchmark datasets including Ag News, Amazon Full and Polarity, Yahoo Question Answer, Yelp Full, and Polarity. Furthermore, the proposed model has been tested on the Twitter US airlines non-benchmark dataset as well. The analysis indicates that using Fast Text as word embedding is a very promising approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic has provided an unprecedented amount of information in news outlets, which include scientific, health-related, political, economic, and social narratives. This study compares the effectiveness of machine learning and deep learning algorithms for classifying text data, with a certain emphasis on how well the former handle COVID-19 news narratives. The study dataset contains news articles regarding COVID-19. To achieve the primary purpose of this research is to classify COVID19 related news, we integrate multiple datasets. The analysis reveals machine learning models exhibit superior performance in text data classification. In particular, the Random Forest model reaches a 98% accuracy rate. In contrast, with regards to deep learning models, the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory model with FastText integration turns out to be the best option due to its exceptional accuracy. Exploratory data techniques such as topic modeling and word cloud approaches are incorporated to uncover hidden patterns in the data. Pre-trained (e.g., deep learning) and non-pre-trained ML models are implemented highlighting the versatility of ML in text classification tasks. The specific purpose to compare to the deep learning and machine learning algorithm to classification of the new article. Notably, a predictive model employing Bi-LSTM with the FastText pre-trained model achieved an impressive 94% accuracy in classifying COVID-19 news reports.

Sentiment analysis aims to classify text based on the opinion or mentality expressed in a situation, which can be positive, negative, or neutral. Therefore, in the world, a lot of opinions are available on various social media sites, which must be gathered and analyzed to assess the general public’s opinion. Finding and monitoring comments, as well as manually extracting the information contained in them, is a difficult task due to the vast diversity of ideas on YouTube. Identifying public opinion on war topics is crucial for offering insights to opposing sides based on popular opinion and emotions about the ongoing war. To address the gap, we build a model on YouTube comment sentiment analysis of the Hamas-Israel war to determine public opinion. In this study, we address the gaps by developing a deep learning-based approach for sentiment analysis. We have collected 24,360 comments from popular YouTube News Channels including BBC, WION, Aljazeera, and others about the Hamas-Israel War using YouTube API and Google spreadsheet and labeled them by linguistic experts into three classes: positive, negative, and neutral. Then, textual comments were preprocessed using natural language processing (NLP) techniques, and features were extracted using Word2vec, FastText, and GloVe. Moreover, we have used the SMOTE data balancing technique and used different data splits, but the 80/20 train-test split ratio has the highest accuracy. For classification model building, commonly used classification algorithms LSTM, Bi-LSTM, GRU, and Hybrid of CNN and Bi-LSTM were applied, and their performance is compared. As a result, the Hybrid of CNN and Bi-LSTM with Word2vec achieved the highest performance with 95.73% accuracy for comments classifications.

Essential genes contain key information of genomes that could be the key to a comprehensive understanding of life and evolution. Because of their importance, studies of essential genes have been considered a crucial problem in computational biology. Computational methods for identifying essential genes have become increasingly popular to reduce the cost and time-consumption of traditional experiments. A few models have addressed this problem, but performance is still not satisfactory because of high dimensional features and the use of traditional machine learning algorithms. Thus, there is a need to create a novel model to improve the predictive performance of this problem from DNA sequence features. This study took advantage of a natural language processing (NLP) model in learning biological sequences by treating them as natural language words. To learn the NLP features, a supervised learning model was consequentially employed by an ensemble deep neural network. Our proposed method could identify essential genes with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 60.2%, 84.6%, 76.3%, 0.449, and 0.814, respectively. The overall performance outperformed the single models without ensemble, as well as the state-of-the-art predictors on the same benchmark dataset. This indicated the effectiveness of the proposed method in determining essential genes, in particular, and other sequencing problems, in general.

Today online networking has become an indispensable part of life for people all over the world. It is difficult for users to reduce their internet/online communications, as the flow of information increases everyday. While the free flow of information benefits online communications, the high toxicity of online communication is a drawback. Toxic texts are described as disrespectful or insulting messages that make the recipient feel uncomfortable. Deep Learning based Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have given exceptional outcomes in Computer Vision Domain, and AlexNet has proven to be the leading architecture in image classification and object detection problems. This article presents a 3-tier CNN architecture that is inspired by the AlexNet model to classify the toxic comments on the Wikipedia forum available in the Google Jigsaw dataset. Fast text-crawl-300d-2m is used to formulate the pre-trained word embeddings matrix. The Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) activation function is applied in the Convolutional blocks for faster convergence. Dropout is used sufficiently along with different layers of the network to prevent overfitting. From the simulation and subsequent comparative analysis, it is found that the proposed model achieved a decent average accuracy of 98.505% and an average F1 score of 0.79. ROC-AUC score is used as an evaluation parameter. The value of ROC-AUC for the proposed model is approximately 0.9854, which shows that the said model differentiates between the comment classes more accurately.

Background Increasing research indicates that the complex interactions between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical for diagnosing and treating various human diseases. Consequently, accurately predicting potential circRNA-miRNA interactions (CMIs) has become increasingly important and urgent. Traditional biological experiments, however, are often labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to external influences. Results To tackle this challenge, we present a novel model, iHofman, designed to predict CMIs by i ntegrating h igh-order and l o w-order f eatures with weighted attention m ech an isms. Specifically, we first extract sequence and structural information representations using FastText and GraRep, respectively, and capture high-order and low-order features from sequence information representations using stacked autoencoders. Subsequently, weighted attention mechanisms are applied for feature fusion, focusing on the most relevant information. Finally, multi-layer perceptron is employed to accurately infer potential CMIs. In the fivefold cross-validation (CV) experiment on the baseline dataset, iHofman achieved an accuracy of 82.49% with an AUC of 0.9092. iHofman also demonstrates solid performance on other CMI datasets. In case studies, 26 of the top 30 CMIs with the highest iHofman predictive scores were confirmed in relevant literature. Conclusions The above experimental results indicate that iHofman can effectively predict potential CMIs and has achieved outstanding performance compared with existing methods. It provides a reliable supplementary approach for subsequent biological wet experiments.

Question classification (QC) is critical in an educational question-answering (QA) system. However, most existing models suffer from limited semantic accuracy, particularly when dealing with complex or ambiguous education queries. The problem lies in their reliance on surface-level features, such as keyword matching, which hampers their ability to capture deeper syntactic and semantic relationship in question. This results in misclassification and generic responses that fail to address the specific intent of prospective students. This study addresses, this gap by integrating semantic dependency parsing into Semantic-BERT (S-BERT) and Semantic-FastText (S-FastText) to enhance question classification performance. Semantic dependency parsing is applied to structure the semantics of interrogative sentences before classification processing by BERT and FastText. A dataset of 2,173 educational questions covering five question classes (5W1H) is used for training and validation. The model evaluation uses a confusion matrix and K-Fold cross-validation, ensuring robust performance assessment. Experimental results show that both models achieve 100% accuracy, precision, and recall in classifying question sentences, demonstrating their effectiveness in educational question classification. These findings contribute to the development of intelligent educational assistants, paving the way for more efficient and accurate automated question-answering systems in academic environments.