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Earthquake storms : the fascinating and volatile future of the San Andreas Fault
The lives of millions will be changed after it breaks, and yet so few people understand it, or even realize it runs through their backyard. Dvorak reveals the San Andreas Fault's fascinating history and its volatile future.
Book
Fault Handling in Industry 4.0: Definition, Process and Applications
The increase of productivity and decrease of production loss is an important goal for modern industry to stay economically competitive. For that, efficient fault management and quick amendment of faults in production lines are needed. The prioritization of faults accelerates the fault amendment process but depends on preceding fault detection and classification. Data-driven methods can support fault management. The increasing usage of sensors to monitor machine health status in production lines leads to large amounts of data and high complexity. Machine Learning methods exploit this data to support fault management. This paper reviews literature that presents methods for several steps of fault management and provides an overview of requirements for fault handling and methods for fault detection, fault classification, and fault prioritization, as well as their prerequisites. The paper shows that fault prioritization lacks research about available learning methods and underlines that expert opinions are needed.
Journal Article
Fault Detection, Isolation, Identification and Recovery (FDIIR) Methods for Automotive Perception Sensors Including a Detailed Literature Survey for Lidar
Perception sensors such as camera, radar, and lidar have gained considerable popularity in the automotive industry in recent years. In order to reach the next step towards automated driving it is necessary to implement fault diagnosis systems together with suitable mitigation solutions in automotive perception sensors. This is a crucial prerequisite, since the quality of an automated driving function strongly depends on the reliability of the perception data, especially under adverse conditions. This publication presents a systematic review on faults and suitable detection and recovery methods for automotive perception sensors and suggests a corresponding classification schema. A systematic literature analysis has been performed with focus on lidar in order to review the state-of-the-art and identify promising research opportunities. Faults related to adverse weather conditions have been studied the most, but often without providing suitable recovery methods. Issues related to sensor attachment and mechanical damage of the sensor cover were studied very little and provide opportunities for future research. Algorithms, which use the data stream of a single sensor, proofed to be a viable solution for both fault detection and recovery.
Journal Article
Holocene earthquake cycles of an active tectonic block boundary fault zone; a case study in the Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone, northeastern Tibet Plateau
Fault zones along active tectonic block boundaries are a significant source of devastating continental earthquakes. Strong earthquakes produce disruptions of sediment and induce characteristic sediments near the fault, which serve as valuable sedimentary evidence for identifying and dating of paleoearthquakes. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the earthquake history of the Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene. We reanalyzed forty-four trenches and used the sedimentary sequences, event indicators, and age constraints to determine the earthquake history. Our analysis revealed the paleoearthquakes of 6 subsidiary faults of the Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone with accurate event ages and rupture extents. Based on the spatial and temporal distributions of strong earthquakes since 10 ka, we identified five earthquake clusters around the central-eastern Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone including seven rupture cascades where the earthquakes migrated gradually from east to west. The existing seismic gap reveals that the latest migration may not yet be complete and suggests a high probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes occurring on the Jinqianghe fault, Maomaoshan fault, and the central part of the Lenglongling faults. We concluded that, in order to better understand earthquake cycles and seismic hazards, it is important to consider a fault zone as a whole, including multiple faults and their interaction on the earthquake triggering between nearby faults.
Journal Article
Improvement of the 2007–2015 Earthquake Catalog Along the 300 km Long Postglacial Merasjärvi–Stuoragurra Fault Complex in Northern Fennoscandia Using Automatic Event Detection
We present an updated and validated seismic catalog for the northern Fennoscandian region, focusing on postglacial faults from the Merasjärvi fault system in the southwest to the Iešjávri fault system in the northeast. This work involved a comprehensive review of continuous waveforms derived from open datasets from 2007 to 2015 and processed using the Regressive ESTimator algorithm. The primary objective was to refine the delineation of seismicity along the above-mentioned postglacial faults and highlight their seismic potential. Our analysis revealed distinct waveform patterns originating primarily from two main sources: approximately 15% were associated with areas mapped as postglacial faults, and the remainder of the events outside these areas, 89%, were concentrated in areas with active mines. Compared to previously reported events in the Fennoscandian Earthquake Catalogue (FENCAT), we observed a 22% increase in seismic activity within postglacial fault zones. These results demonstrate that the Regressive ESTimator algorithm not only improves the detection of tectonic seismicity but also effectively identifies seismic signals resulting from mining activities in the study area. The Merasjärvi, Lainio–Suijavaara, Palojärvi, and Maze and Iešjávri fault systems appear to form a continuous deformation complex of approximately 300 km long, which we propose naming the Merasjärvi–Stuoragurra fault complex.
Journal Article
Implications of Fault‐Valve Behavior From Immediate Aftershocks Following the 2023 Mj6.5 Earthquake Beneath the Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
The Mj6.5 (Mw6.2) event that occurred on 5 May 2023 near the northern shoreline of the northeastern tip of the Noto Peninsula, central Japan, is the largest event to date in a long‐lasting, intense earthquake swarm. Here we have created a more precise aftershock catalog associated with the 2023 Mj6.5 and the second‐largest 2022 Mj5.4 sequence to understand the rupture process of this largest earthquake. Most of the aftershocks are aligned along a ∼45° SE‐dipping plane. The mainshock initially ruptured the same deep section of the fault zone that had been ruptured by the 2022 Mj5.4 event, before propagating rapidly to shallow depths and to offshore along the ruptured fault plane. The aftershock front migrated at a speed of ∼20 km/hr. This rapid upward migration of the immediate aftershocks might be driven by upwelling of crustal fluids along the intensely fractured and permeable fault zone via mainshock dynamic rupture. Plain Language Summary Near the northeastern tip of the Noto Peninsula, central Japan, a long‐lasting, intense earthquake swarm has continued since November 2020. On 5 May 2023, the largest Mj6.5 (Mw6.2) event to date occurred. We precisely located the aftershock distribution following the 2023 Mj6.5 and the second‐largest 2022 Mj5.4 sequence and enhanced the catalog by searching events based on waveform similarity to understand the rupture process of this largest earthquake. The 2023 Mj6.5 event initially ruptured the same deep section of the fault that had been ruptured by the 2022 Mj5.4 event, before propagating rapidly to shallow depths and to offshore along the ruptured fault. We can see that the aftershock front moved at a speed of ∼20 km/hr, which is a rare case that constrains the rapid movement of aftershocks. The rapid upward movement of the aftershocks may have been caused by the upwelling of crustal fluids along the permeable fault zone created by the dynamic rupture of the mainshock. Key Points We constructed a more precise aftershock catalog associated with the two major ruptures during a long‐lasting intense seismic swarm We identify a rapid migration of early aftershocks following the largest 2023 Mj6.5 earthquake to date during the seismic swarm Upwelling of crustal fluids along the fractured permeable fault zone could drive the rapid migration of early aftershocks
Journal Article