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"Faux pas."
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Awkwardness : a theory
\"This is awkward: you greet an acquaintance you haven't seen for a while. One of you goes in for a hug; the other initially offers a handshake, then leans in, by which time the hugger is hesitating. In the end, you both do a half-hearted back pat, and then settle into stilted small talk. Variation: suppose the friend is one from who you've been estranged- your last encounter ended in a falling-out, but that was some time ago, and you haven't spoken since. Does this make things more awkward? This is awkward, too: you're a graduate student having dinner with a distinguished visiting speaker who wants to hear more about your research. Suddenly, as you're talking, a piece of food flies out of your mouth and lands on their pristine black sweater. Did they see it? Do they know? They must know. But there's no acknowledgement; you try not to stare at it, and continue the interaction, saying nothing. And this is awkward: someone you consider a friend is engaging in inappropriate flirting at work. They've been going to bars with subordinates after work, and even hooked up with one or two. You think this is sexual harassment, and you know you should talk to them about it, but you can't seem to figure out how to have the conversation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Recognition of Faux Pas by Normally Developing Children and Children with Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism
This article describes a test of theory of mind for children, ages 7-11, that involved recognition of faux pas. Three studies used the test with children with high functioning autism (HFA) or Asperger syndrome (AS). Results indicated that children with HFA or AS were significantly impaired on this task when compared to normally developing children. (Author/DB)
Journal Article
Peer Relations and the Understanding of Faux Pas: Longitudinal Evidence for Bidirectional Associations
Research connecting children's understanding of mental states to their peer relations at school remains scarce. Previous work by the authors demonstrated that children's understanding of mental states in the context of a faux pas— a social blunder involving unintentional insult— is associated with concurrent peer rejection. The present report describes a longitudinal follow-up investigation of 210 children from the original sample, aged 5-6 or 8-9 years at Time 1. The results support a bidirectional model suggesting that peer rejection may impair the acquisition of faux pas understanding, and also that, among older children, difficulties in understanding faux pas predict increased peer rejection. These findings highlight the important and complex associations between social understanding and peer relations during childhood.
Journal Article
Cognitive and affective theory-of-mind impairment in people with early-stage bipolar disorder
Background
Literature suggests impaired theory-of-mind (ToM) in people with bipolar-disorder (BD). However, prior research primarily examined patients at chronic stage (stage 3c–4) and was constrained by clinical heterogeneity. Deficits in ToM modalities remain to be clarified. We aimed to assess cognitive and affective ToM performance in euthymic people with early-stage BD.
Methods
Cognitive and affective ToM were examined in 41 euthymic early-stage (stage 2–3b) BD patients aged 16 - 40 years who were treated within three-years from first-episode mania and 40 demographically-matched healthy controls, using Faux-pas task (FPT) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET). Relationships of ToM performance with symptom severity, cognitive functions, history of psychosis and depressive episode were assessed.
Results
Participants displayed significantly lower scores than controls in both cognitive and affective ToM components in FPT. The two groups showed comparable performance in RMET. No significant correlations were observed between ToM measures and variables of symptom dimensions, cognitive functions and treatment variables in BD patients. Additional analyses revealed no significant differences in ToM performance in FPT and RMET between BD patients with versus without a history of psychosis, and between BD patients with versus without a history of depressive episode.
Conclusion
This study extends previous findings of ToM deficits in later-stage BD to euthymic people with early-stage BD who exhibit cognitive and affect ToM impairment. Further research is needed to clarify potential differential trajectories of cognitive and affective ToM deficits and their relationships with psychosis, polarity of mood episodes, and functional outcomes in early-stage BD.
Journal Article
Theory of mind in Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis
BackgroundThe assessment of theory of mind (ToM) performance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) remains inconclusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate ToM performance in patients with aMCI and AD.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed for eligible studies published up to July 2019 in three international databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science). Due to heterogeneity between studies, a random-effects model was used. Individual ToM tasks were meta-analyzed separately and possible sources of heterogeneity were examined.ResultsIn total, 36 studies involving 701 individuals with AD and 197 with aMCI were identified. Compared with healthy controls, ToM was impaired in both AD (d = 1.45) and aMCI patients (d = 0.65). In AD patients, ToM was particularly impaired in advanced tasks such as Faux Pas Recognition (d = 1.26). In patients with aMCI, ToM deficits were relatively modest, with the exception of the reading the mind in the eyes task (d = 1.22). ToM was significantly more impaired in AD than that in aMCI (d = 0.88).ConclusionsThis is the first meta-analysis examining ToM performance in AD and aMCI simultaneously. The results showed that ToM deficits were more severe in AD than that in aMCI in most individual ToM tasks. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine whether ToM abilities in aMCI patients can be used for prognostic purposes.
Journal Article
The relationship between neurocognition and symptomatology in people with schizophrenia: social cognition as the mediator
Background
The relationship between neurocognition and symptomatology in people with schizophrenia has been established. The present study examined whether social cognition could mediate this relationship.
Methods
There were 119 participants (58 people with paranoid schizophrenia and 61 healthy controls) participated in this study. Neurocognition was assessed by Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test, the Judgment of Line Orientation Test, and the Tower of London Test. Psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Social cognition was measured by the Faux Pas Test, the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index.
Results
Results were consistent with previous findings that neurocognition and social cognition were impaired in the clinical participants. A novel observation is that social cognition significantly mediated the relationship between neurocognition and symptomatology.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that neurocognitive deficits predispose people with schizophrenia to worse psychiatric symptoms through the impairment of social cognition. Findings of the present study provide important insight into a functional model of schizophrenia that could guide the development of cost-effective interventions for people with schizophrenia.
Journal Article
Authenticity and Carrier Agents: The Social Construction of Political Gaffes
Political campaigns require constant performance from politicians. This presents ample opportunity for the occurrence of political gaffes. While it is not surprising that political gaffes can have a major impact on political campaigns, the process by which a gaffe is transformed into a meaning-laden defining campaign event is underanalyzed. To address this, we analyze and reconstruct the media trajectory of three instances, two involving Senate candidates (George Allen and Todd Akin) and one a presidential candidate (Mitt Romney), in which gaffes were constructed into meaning-laden events. We find that constructing a political gaffe as a meaning-laden event is a deeply social process. Our research highlights the impact of sousveillance (surveillance from below) and the difficulty that political performers have maintaining consistent \"authentic\" performances. Recounting the trajectories of these three gaffes allows for a detailing of the diverse methods by which the hybrid media system was effectively mobilized by \"carrier agents\" (actors with narrative capacity and media know-how). Further, we find that these gaffes proved particularly salient because they were interpreted as embodying an authentic representation of the candidate while simultaneously violating emergent norms of inclusive democratic public discourse.
Journal Article
Social Cognition Impairments in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute independent mental states to self and others to explain and predict behavior. Impairment of ToM is well established in developmental pathologies. In neurological populations, investigation of ToM is still rare but data suggest that ToM impairment could contribute to behavioral and social disturbances. In addition to neurological signs, multiple sclerosis (MS) presents with disorders of cognition and behavior directly related to brain damage. The aim of this study was to assess ToM abilities and recognition of facial emotional expression in adults with MS. We compared 64 patients with relapsing MS and 30 matched healthy controls on three levels of ToM tasks, a facial emotion recognition task, and a neuropsychological assessment. MS patients performed significantly worse than controls in emotion recognition and all ToM tasks (p < .02). These deficits were not correlated with demographic variables or neuropsychological test performance. These findings underscore the importance of assessing ToM and facial recognition in MS, as dysfunction in these areas may impact upon social interaction and, thus, impair quality of life for both patients with MS and their families. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1122–1131)
Journal Article
Theory of Mind in Adults with HFA and Asperger Syndrome
Theory of mind was assessed in 32 adults with HFA, 29 adults with Asperger syndrome and 32 neurotypical adults. The HFA and Asperger syndrome groups were impaired in performance of the Strange stories test and the Faux-pas test and reported more theory of mind problems than the neurotypical adults. The three groups did not differ in performance of the Eyes test. Furthermore, correlations between the Eyes test and the three other theory of mind tests were low or absent. Therefore one can question the ability of the Eyes test to measure theory of mind. Of all theory of mind tests used, the self-report questionnaire had the largest discriminating power in differentiating the two disorder groups from the neurotypical group.
Journal Article
Does Faux Pas Detection in Adult Autism Reflect Differences in Social Cognition or Decision-Making Abilities?
43 typically-developed adults and 35 adults with ASD performed a cartoon faux pas test. Adults with ASD apparently over-detected faux pas despite good comprehension abilities, and were generally slower at responding. Signal detection analysis demonstrated that the ASD participants had significantly greater difficulty detecting whether a cartoon depicted a faux pas and showed a liberal response bias. Test item analysis demonstrated that the ASD group were not in agreement with a reference control group (n = 69) about which non-faux pas items were most difficult. These results suggest that the participants with ASD had a primary problem with faux pas detection, but that there is another factor at work, possibly compensatory, that relates to their choice of a liberal response criterion.
Journal Article