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Due to their high specific surface area and its characteristic’s functionalized nanomaterials have great potential in medical applications specialty, as an anticancer. Herein, functional nanoparticles (NPs) based on iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 , iron oxide modified with copper oxide Fe 2 O 3 @CuO, and tungsten oxide WO 3 were facile synthesized for biomedical applications. The obtained nanomaterials have nanocrystal sizes of 35.5 nm for Fe 2 O 3 , 7 nm for Fe 2 O 3 @CuO, and 25.5 nm for WO 3 . In addition to octahedral and square nanoplates for Fe 2 O 3 , and WO 3; respectively. Results revealed that Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 @CuO, and WO 3 NPs showed remarked anticancer effects versus a safe effect on normal cells through cytotoxicity test using MTT-assay. Notably, synthesized NPs e.g. our result demonstrated that Fe 2 O 3 @CuO exhibited the lowest IC 50 value on the MCF-7 cancer cell line at about 8.876 µg/ml, compared to Fe 2 O 3 was 12.87 µg/ml and WO 3 was 9.211 µg/ml which indicate that the modification NPs Fe 2 O 3 @CuO gave the highest antiproliferative effect against breast cancer. However, these NPs showed a safe mode toward the Vero normal cell line, where IC 50 were monitored as 40.24 µg/ml for Fe 2 O 3 , 21.13 µg/ml for Fe 2 O 3 @CuO, and 25.41 µg/ml for WO 3 NPs. For further evidence. The antiviral activity using virucidal and viral adsorption mechanisms gave practiced effect by viral adsorption mechanism and prevented the virus from replicating inside the cells. Fe 2 O 3 @CuO and WO 3 NPs showed a complete reduction in the viral load synergistic effect of combinations between the tested two materials copper oxide instead of iron oxide alone. Interestingly, the antimicrobial efficiency of Fe 2 O 3 @CuO NPs, Fe 2 O 3 NPs, and WO 3 NPs was evaluated using E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans pathogens. The widest microbial inhibition zone ( ca. 38.45 mm) was observed with 250 mg/ml of WO 3 NPs against E. coli , whereas using 40 mg/ml of Fe 2 O 3 @CuO NPS could form microbial inhibition zone ca. 32.86 mm against S. aureus . Nevertheless, C. albicans was relatively resistant to all examined NPs. The superior biomedical activities of these nanostructures might be due to their unique features and accepted evaluations.

In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using saffron plant extract, and the prepared particles were diagnosed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray resolution (EDX), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). This method falls within the green chemistry, an environmentally friendly method and at a lower cost than other methods

Highly porous membranes based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with the addition of nanoscale particles of non-magnetic and magnetic iron oxides were synthesized using a combined method of non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) and thermo-induced phase separation (TIPS) based on the technique developed by Dr. Blade. The obtained membranes were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, IR, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and fluorescent microscopy. It was shown that the membranes possessed a high fraction of electroactive phase, which increased up to a maximum of 96% with the addition of 2 wt% of α-Fe2O3 and α/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that doping PVDF with nanoparticles contributed to the reduction of pore size in the membrane. All membranes exhibited piezocatalytic activity in the degradation of Rhodamine B. The degree of degradation increased from 69% when using pure PVDF membrane to 90% when using the composite membrane. The nature of the additive did not affect the piezocatalytic activity. It was determined that the main reactive species responsible for the degradation of Rhodamine B were •OH and •O2−. It was also shown that under piezocatalytic conditions, composite membranes generated a piezopotential of approximately 2.5 V.

Composite metal oxide semiconductors are promising candidates for photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC WS) toward environmentally friendly hydrogen production. Among them, ZnO and α‐Fe2O3 hold great potential thanks to a series of benefits, including fast charge transport in single‐crystalline structures, large surface area and tunable shapes (ZnO), and energy bandgap falling in the visible spectral range (α‐Fe2O3). However, both materials present significant drawbacks, which hinder their successful application in high‐efficiency PEC WS: the wide bandgap of ZnO limits its absorption in the UV range, while the low charge carrier mobility results in heavy recombination losses in α‐Fe2O3 during charge collection. The synthesis of ZnO/hematite composites has recently proven to be an effective approach to improve the overall WS performances. In this review, the recent developments on the application of different morphologies (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D structures) for PEC WS are illustrated, analyzing the role of the shape and morphology in boosting the functional properties, both in single systems and in composite nanostructures. Complex networks show higher photocatalytic efficiency than the single building blocks and, consequently, composite materials exhibit higher performances. Possible paths for the development of an effective lab‐to‐fab transition based on application of ZnO/α‐Fe2O3 composite structures are also suggested. ZnO/hematite composite nanostructures are promising candidates for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Recent advancements demonstrate that the combination of single building blocks and the designing of complex morphologies may enhance the performances of both single and composite systems. The shape of a material can be a key parameter in producing new catalysts for energy and environmental applications.

This study investigates the structure–property relationship in Jin-Yuan period (1115–1368 CE) oil-spot glazes from the archaeological site of Jining Lu to elucidate the scientific principles governing their distinctive coloration patterns. Through multi-scale characterization of 20 ceramic fragments using ultra-depth microscopy, SEM–EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), WDXRF (Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectrometer) , we establish fundamental correlations between processing conditions, crystalline phases, and optical properties. The ceramic bodies exhibit a characteristic high-alumina composition (Al 2 O 3 : 24.5–34.0 wt%), reflecting regional clay sources and manufacturing traditions. Glaze chemistry reveals intentional flux optimization, with high CaO content (4.5–7.2 wt%) and Fe 2 O 3 enrichment facilitating liquid-phase sintering. Most significantly, we demonstrate that the silver/red dichroism is predominantly governed by atmospheric conditions modulating Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratios and crystal polymorphism:(i) In a strong oxidizing atmosphere, vapor-phase deposition produces specular α-Fe 2 O 3 (hematite) microcrystals (2–5 μm), yielding metallic luster; (ii) In a weak reducing-weak oxidizing atmosphere, co-precipitation of dendritic α-Fe 2 O 3  and magnetoelectric ε-Fe 2 O 3 (luogufengite) is promoted, generating distinct chromatic contrast. These findings provide mechanistic insights into ancient craftsmen’s empirical control of phase transformations in iron-oxide systems.

Abstract Introduction of the photothermal effect into transition‐metal oxide photoanodes has been proven to be an effective method to improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water‐splitting performance. However, the precise role of the photothermal effect on the PEC performance of photoanodes is still not well understood. Herein, spinel‐structured ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of hematite (Fe2O3), and the ZnFe2O4/Fe2O3 photoanode achieves a high photocurrent density of 3.17 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) due to the photothermal effect of ZnFe2O4. Considering that the hopping of electron small polarons induced by oxygen vacancies is thermally activated, we clarify that the main reason for the enhanced PEC performance via the photothermal effect is the promoted mobility of electron small polarons that are bound to positively charged oxygen vacancies. Under the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and the photothermal effect, the electron conductivity and PEC performance are significantly improved, which provide fundamental insights into the impact of the photothermal effect on the PEC performance of small polaron‐type semiconductor photoanodes.

Photocatalytic degradation has been suggested to be a cheap and efficient way to dispose of organic pollutants, such as dyes. Therefore, our research team strives to produce nanophotocatalysts in a simple and inexpensive way. In this work, the Pechini sol–gel technique was employed for the facile synthesis of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Fe2O3 and Fe0.5Mn0.5Co2O4/Fe2O3 as mixed metal oxide nanoparticles for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and Congo Red dyes. XRD, FT-IR, a N2 adsorption/desorption analyzer, EDS, FE-SEM, and an UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer were used to characterize the produced samples. The XRD patterns revealed that the average crystallite size of the Fe0.5Mn0.5Co2O4/Fe2O3 and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Fe2O3 samples is 90.25 and 80.62 nm, respectively. The FE-SEM images revealed that the Fe0.5Mn0.5Co2O4/Fe2O3 sample consists of cubic and irregular shapes with an average diameter of 1.71 µm. Additionally, the Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Fe2O3 sample consists of spherical shapes with an average diameter of 0.26 µm. The energy gaps of the Fe0.5Mn0.5Co2O4/Fe2O3 and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Fe2O3 samples are 3.50 and 4.3 eV and 3.52 and 4.20 eV, respectively. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the complete degradation of 100 mL of 20 mg/L of Rhodamine B and Congo Red dyes occurred at pH = 8 and 3, respectively, within 50 min, using 0.1 g of the synthesized samples.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) were synthesized using Oscillatoria limnetica extract as strong reducing and capping agents. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles IONPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffractive analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). IONPs synthesis was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy by observing the peak at 471 nm. Furthermore, different in vitro biological assays, which showed important therapeutic potentials, were performed. Antimicrobial assay of biosynthesized IONPs was performed against four different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. E. coli was found to be the least suspected strain (MIC: 35 µg/mL), and B. subtilis was found to be the most suspected strain (MIC: 14 µg/mL). The maximum antifungal assay was observed for Aspergillus versicolor (MIC: 27 µg mL). The cytotoxic assay of IONPs was also studied using a brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay, and LD50 value was reported as 47 µg/mL. In toxicological evaluation, IONPs was found to be biologically compatible to human RBCs (IC50: >200 µg/mL). The antioxidant assay, DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyly was recorded at 73% for IONPs. In conclusion, IONPs revealed great biological potential and can be further recommended for in vitro and in vivo therapeutic purposes.

A hematite photoanode showing a stable, record-breaking performance of 4.32 mA/cm 2 photoelectrochemical water oxidation current at 1.23 V vs. RHE under simulated 1-sun (100 mW/cm 2 ) irradiation is reported. This photocurrent corresponds to ca. 34% of the maximum theoretical limit expected for hematite with a band gap of 2.1 V. The photoanode produced stoichiometric hydrogen and oxygen gases in amounts close to the expected values from the photocurrent. The hematitle has a unique single-crystalline “wormlike” morphology produced by in-situ two-step annealing at 550°C and 800°C of β-FeOOH nanorods grown directly on a transparent conducting oxide glass via an all-solution method. In addition, it is modified by platinum doping to improve the charge transfer characteristics of hematite and an oxygen-evolving co-catalyst on the surface.

It is highly attractive to design pseudocapacitive metal oxides as anodes for supercapacitors (SCs). However, as they have poor conductivity and lack active sites, they generally exhibit an unsatisfied capacitance under high current density. Herein, polypyrrole-coated low-crystallinity Fe2O3 supported on carbon cloth (D-Fe2O3@PPy/CC) was prepared by chemical reduction and electrodeposition methods. The low-crystallinity Fe2O3 nanorod achieved using a NaBH4 treatment offered more active sites and enhanced the Faradaic reaction in surface or near-surface regions. The construction of a PPy layer gave more charge storage at the Fe2O3/PPy interface, favoring the limitation of the volume effect derived from Na+ transfer in the bulk phase. Consequently, D-Fe2O3@PPy/CC displayed enhanced capacitance and stability. In 1 M Na2SO4, it showed a specific capacitance of 615 mF cm−2 (640 F g−1) at 1 mA cm−2 and still retained 79.3% of its initial capacitance at 10 mA cm−2 after 5000 cycles. The design of low-crystallinity metal oxides and polymer nanocomposites is expected to be widely applicable for the development of state-of-the-art electrodes, thus opening new avenues for energy storage.